THE MAGAZINE OF NEWS SIGNIFICANCE
Lockheed P-38 Lightnings—powered by Allison engines and originally designed as
fighter planes—are now being used also as one-man bombers against the Japs. *
When the two bombs—one ton under each wing —are released, the Lightnings
continue in combat as fighters —a dual attainment made possible by the engines’ extremely light weight, less than one pound per horsepower,* which gives the plane superlative lifting power as well as speed. %& This extreme light weight — long the dream of engineers the world over — is a product of Allison precision and
skill in handling metals — a
precision and skill which
will mark any product
ever bearing the Allison
name.
KEEP AMERICA STRONG BUY MORE WAR BONDS
POWERED BY ALLISON P-38 —Lightning P-39— Atracobra P-go— Warhawk 4-36 and P-51A— Mustang P-63 —Kingcobra
*Actual weight of Allison engine is 7/8 b. per hp. Allison was first engine of less than one [b. per hp.
LIQUID-COOLED AIRCRAFT ENGINES
jpn
DIVISION OF indianapolis, indiana
Every Sunday Afternoo—GENERAL Motors SYMPHONY OF THE Airn— NBC Network
j \ in | , \ ‘ \ » \ = \ \ SS \ N
— a Cups feu “oN = >) yy, NS WATT Ci
S2 ae ;
\li meograph = du plicalor
MINT PINEAPPLE
DOWN | THE
HATCH!
It would shiver the timbers of an old-time seafar- ing man —to see ice cream served aboard ship in | the middle of the ocean! There was nothing like that in the old days. Not even vanilla.
But in the old days, there was nothing aboard ship like today’s compact, fast working, ice cream plant — with G-E Refrigeration Equipment. This unit was especially engineered to stand up under the rocking, rolling, pounding motions of a war- ship on duty. It was engineered for cramped quar- ters, where every foot of space is precious.
To meet special requirements of navy, army
| GENERAL@®
Sa ond he Commercial Refrigeration
Tune ins The “G-E HOUSE PARTY,” every afternoon, Monday through Friday, 4p. m.,EWT,CBS.. The “G-€ ALL-GIRL ORCHESTRA,” Sundays, 10p. m, EWT, NBC
and war plants . . .General Electric has pioneered new developments in refrigeration and air condi- tioning.
These improvedtechniques and equipment will
be available for peacetime use . . . for. process control of moisture, temperature . . . to maintain
temperature and moisture content of raw materials and finished goods in storage . . . to cool or air condition any area, from a small but vital “‘control
‘spot’ to an entire building. i: i General Electric Co., Air Conditioning Depariment,
Section 5876, Bloomfield, New Jersey.
ELECTRIC
. +» THE WORLD TODAY” News, Monday through Friday, 6:45 p.m., EWT,CBS
k is published weekly by WEEKLY PUBLICATIONS, INC., 350 Dennison Ave., Dayton 1, Ohio; Entered as second class matter at Postoffice of Dayton, Ohio, under the act of March 8, 1879.
Cc I I f I
mu tbe A Oe mt le
_ CAN YOU KEEP HIM SAFE?
Did you know that he will be in- jured four times during his lifetime —if the present accident rate continues ?
During his early years, burns and poison will be his principal enemies. So keep him out of the kitchen and away from open fires, unless you are there to watch him every second. Don’t leave matches within his reach and be sure that
@ poisons in medicine closets are locked safely away from his prying fingers.
During his active years the risks of the highway will be an ever-present menace and he may be injured while he is at work. Finally, in his old age, falls become the biggest threat to his safety.
Preventing ‘accidents which cause pain and sorrow and loss to 9,000,000 men, women and children every year is a heavy responsibility for you and all Americans. It is a responsibility in which insurance has an important obligation. .
Liberty Mutual ‘“‘works to keep you
safe’? — by making available practical research into the causes of accidents in the home and on the highway and by advising how they can be prevented . . . alsa by co-operating with business management to eliminate accidents wherever men and women work.
When unavoidable accidents do occur, Liberty Mutual ‘‘works to keep you safe’ from their consequences. If you are a home or car owner, we will protect
LIBERTY © MUTUAL
INSURANCE COMPANY / a NOME OFFICE: BOSTON
We work to beep you safe
you from the loss of your home and savings ... we will pay fair claims against you promptly . . . we will pro- tect your peace of mind by safeguarding you from fraudulent or exaggerated claims.
Liberty Mutual “works to keep you safe’ from the loss of your home and savings by recommending the insurance coverages you need for complete protection. Write or tele- phone your local Liberty Mutual office for free copy of a striking new chart. It pictures the hazards which menace your security and well-being as a car and home awner. It shows graphically how you can take ad- vantage of recent improvements which have been made in broadening personal insurance coverages. Write’ today for “How to Protect Your Home and Savings.”” No cost. No obligation. Nearly all our salesmen are in the service. They will be back to serve you — when peace is won.
FLORSHEIM SHOES wh Willig for
NEWSWEEK
LETTERS
I came across something while reading my copy of Newsweex for June 11 under Sports that, in the parlance of the marines, “snows” me. Your correspondent relates that fishing expeditions in the Southwest Pacific are car- ried out. with dynamite or grenades and various types of food, which in two places he refers to as “chum.” During my three and a half years in the service, I have heard any. thing edible referred to by a number of names, but I confess that my military edu. cation must have been rather sadly neglected, because to.me the word “chum” has always meant a friend. Admittedly, food is an ex- ceptionally good friend, but I am wondering if there might not have been a double typo. graphical error in the column.
Prc. D. D. Know es Jr. Camp Lejeune, N.C.
Webster defines “chum” as chopped fish, lobsters, or the Uke, thrown overboard to draw fish. According to NEWSWEEK’s story, “chow” like “cons of mixed vegetables, corned beef, hash, and sausage” makes good
“chum” too. Rank Discrimination
In comparison with the other abomina- tions of the war the following may be unim- portant. It is not, however, to many of us so minuscule that a little airing of the matter might not prove generally salutory.
A few weeks ago in Manila a very lovely Spanish girl was asked te join a party at a local night club as the guest of a technical sergeant in the engineers. The young lady refused on the ground that she “couldn’t af- ford to be seen with an enlisted man.”
It happens that this enlisted man was a well-educated man (B.A., LL.B.) and had had a successful law practice in the States, is a book collector and a minor authority on James Joyce; in short, a man quite accept- able from ariy reasonable @ivilian standpoint. That girl, like so many of her American brothers and sisters, has developed an atti- tude which has become pretty damned an- noying to many of us—that is, considering ; rank as an almost absolute criterion of ac- ceptability, social and otherwise, and adopt- ing a pseudo-kindly, but definitely patron- izing attitude toward the GI.
If the distinctions drawn were only social the implications might be merely inconven- ient, but many of these topnotch men are coming back to civilian life worried that the personnel men may be more interested ,in what rank the jobseeker held in the Army than in what he can do.
Let’s get our standards back to normal.
SERVICEMAN’s NAME WITHHELD
c/o Postmaster
San Francisco, Calif.
The American Farmer
I wish to commend you for the very fine picture of the “American Farmer” on the front cover of your July 2 issue. The wrinkles
| Index this Issue—page 15 |
WHEN THE THERMOMETER SOARS, and humidity soaks the air, all sorts of trouble seem to set in. People are uncomfortable, irri- tableand short tempered . . . their efficiency sags. Even your own secretary usually cool, calm - collected gets hot, bothered . and uncollected!
The customers in retail stores shrink from crowds to couples.
The productive output of many industries is handicapped because manufacturing processes are af- fected by the excesses of heat and moisture.
It happens every summer, but it
needn’t. For Carrier, with its mas-
tery of indoor climate, can make sure that it doesn’t.
There’s trouble in the air...
Carrier air conditioning provides fresh, clean air and distributes it evenly, draughtlessly. The tem- perature and humidity of this air is regulated constantly, winter and summer. Carrier levels out the seasons, gives you the climate you want the year ’round.
This kind of air conditioning calls for a specialist. It is no job for a Jack-of-all-trades, but a task for the master of one.
Since Carrier founded the indus- try 43 years ago, it has been de- voted exclusively to air condition- ing and refrigeration . . . and has consistently led the way.
In 118 foreign countries . . . in many of the world’s most famous ~ buildings . . . on hundreds of
globe-girdling ships—and today in thousands of specialized war appli- cations, Carrier has proven an ability unmatched in the industry.
Tomorrow this “know how’’ will work for you . . . in your home and office . .. in your favorite stores and restaurants . . . in help- ing produce more and better things for a peacetime America.
Carrier Corporation « " Byescien’ N. Y.
Carrier oS eae
AIR CONDITIONING ¢ REFRIGERATION
lg
i es
ao
COPYRIGHT 1945, JONES @ LAUGHLIN STEEL CORPORATION
ee ee cae
paseo RT SEB oy
STEEL DRUMS FOR WAR WILL SERVE PEACE, TOO
The conversion of steel sheets into sturdy drums for the safe, economical packaging and shipment of vital replace- ment parts and an ever-increasing variety of manufactured products other than the familiar liquids — gasoline, oil, chemicals — is another of those service- able applications of this most versatile of our metals that has contributed might- ily to the winning of the war and that holds such useful promise in the peace- ful world before us.
Skilled men manning machines of ingenious design carry this operation through from flat steel sheets to finished drums at a pace that would make the old-time cooper blink with amazement. By the millions, steel drums, barrels, other containers come off the lines of the J&L Steel Barrel Company and other barrel plants. Here is production of hand- made quality with machine speed; the steady rhythm of progress that is a sym- bol of American ingenuity and enterprise.
JONES & LAUGHLIN STEEL CORPORATION
J & L STEEL BARREL COMPANY PITTSSURGH, PENNSYLVANIA
: CONTROLLED QUALITY STEEL FOR WAR AND PEACE
J&b STEEL
as AN ORIGINAL DRAWING AND SKETCHES MADE AT JAL STEEL BAWREL PLANT AT BAYONNE, WN. J. BY ORISON MACPHERSON
Ss
WAR DRUMS
“Canning” airplane engines for shipment is
‘becoming commonplace practice. Starters,
generators, instruments and cylinders are among the items now packed with desic- cants in hermetically sealed steel drums to afford complete protection against break- age, dust and moisture during shipment by sea or air, or storage in transit. This new technique, developed by J&L Steel Barrel Company with Air Technical Service Com- mand, has become of increasing military importance, now that total war has moved into the salt-laden humidity and heat of the Pacific climate, which, overnight, breeds sporadic growths of fungi and mildews.
Other “canned” war items for which J&L Steel Barrel Company has made special con- tainers are bagged powder, smoke pots, 75mm. shells, The barrel company also de- veloped a large, smokeless powder box and produced them in quantity. Bomb fins and bomb fin crates are other war products of J &L barrel plants in addition to their regular line of products.
Mortar shell program was speeded by J&L Steel Barrel Company’s development of new mass production precision technique for making base discs for 4.2-inch mortar shells, at half cost of handmade discs.
Army chapel seats, oil drums with planks laid across them, in a tent, held many per- sonnel on the European Front, until the boys built a church with salvaged materials, wrote Maj. J. H. Cook to LIFE magazine.
Empty drums for Gl bathtubs are popular in S. Pacific, also for heating stoves and, locked end to end, as storm culverts,
How to retain glycerine, which has a genius for seeping out of tightest coopered wooden barrel, was answered about 1906 by appear- ance in Europe of a steel barrel built along bulgy lines of familiar wooden barrel. Amer- ican petroleum industry, with products having a highly seepy nature, was quick to adopt new container. But the bulge or “bilge” shaped barrel soon had a formidable rival, the drum type barrel, with straight sides, embossed hoops, to strengthen and make rolling easier.
Demand for “one-trippers,” or containers that need not be returned, opened wide a door to endless new uses for the light-weight, inexpensive steel drum, as the bilge type steel barrel must be made of heavy steel to maintain its barrel-like contours.
Barrels from strip mills, as well as from for- ests, from steel barrel plants, as well as from cooperage shops is the course barrels have traversed in 40 years. Today barrels made of steel sheets are produced with spe- cial presses and machinery (see illustration), as against the method of skilled coopers, building each barrel by hand. J&L Steel Batrel Company has plants of most modern type in Bayonne, Cleveland, Kansas City, Lake Charles, New Orleans, Philadelphia
Port Arthur, St. Louis. e
e
: Ewing Galloway Worrying about the weather?
and worried look on his face express very forcefully the farmers’ concern about their No. 1 problem of 1945 . . . the weather. Rev, J. E. Brewer St. George, Kans. O-we-go, Ow-kay!
I would like to point out that Wac Cpl. Margaret Hastings, “Shangri-la Queen,” is not, as reported {( NEWswEEK, July 9), from Oswego, N. Y., but Owego, N.Y. You will
- appreciate, and so will Owego, that credit should be given where credit is due. Mrs. Geo. WHEELER
Endicott, N. Y.
@ Looks like some proofreader was on the job to too great a degree. The post office has the same trouble.
Lt: W. C. GatvacHer, U.S.N.
c/o FPO New York, New York ‘
Newsweek's apologies to Owego.
nr
GI Bill for Merchant Seamen?
Merchant Seaman Morales’s plea in your aid | issue of July 9 (Letters) for inclusion in the et si a _ GI Bill of Rights is not without merit.
Conversely, however, equity would de- | mand each member of the armed forces be | granted the rights and privileges of the mer- chant marine embracing civilian status, com- Fewer Marlboros for you perhaps mensurate salaries, an eight-hour day, over-
time, and area and combat bonuses. ... but more for the boys.
Lt. (j.c.) A. W. Wiitias, U.S.N.R.
They're getting their supply of | c/o FPO America’s luxury cigarette . . . New York City lavishly blended, firmly packed, @ Having been assigned to merchant ships
! as ed-guard der-for the past a | SESE
Cigarette of suceesstul men and lovely women.
.
WEEK
—
sS very t their er.
HLER
ic Cpl. en,” is ), from ou will - credit
ELER
on the fice has
S.N.
in your 1 in the
ild de- rces be he mer- $s, com- J, over-
.N.R.
ROM NOW ON, we're going to find the Devil constantly at our elbow. He'll be tempting us to consult our own pleasure and convenience each time we’re faced with questions like these:
“Is it really a life-or-death matter to some youngster if I skip an appoint- ment to give blood ?”
**Is it still necessary to keep on buy- ing War Bonds with every spare cent?”
**Is it honestly vital that I stick to my job, drive slowly, stay off trains,
A aeitleman we'll be mecling often, how
save fuel and paper, and support the rationing program?”
Thrusting Satan sternly behind us isn’t going to be easy.
But, all of us can make it easier by realizing this: if we let up now, we can actually prolong the war. °
And men will die who otherwise might live.
Young & Rubicam, Inc., Advertising, New York, Chicago, Detroit, San Francisco, Hollywood, Montreal, Toronto, London
map seer
Two Ways to Solve Your Problem on Die-Cut Paper Specialties
MOON ABOUT IT
WHILE MOWING THE LAWN f
5
>
Your present-moment production problems, dike ours, may be directly related to war work. At the same time your thinking must - include plans for the peacetime products you will make and sell when this war is over. Plans to resume manufacture of a prewar product, or bring out an entirely new item may even at this point have brought forth the necessity of a die-cut paper or paperboard gadget. Maybe the gadget is to be a component part of the product itself. Maybe it’s a printed promotional device to hang on the neck of a bottle, to snap in the top of a can, or to lock around a handle. That’s where Dennison comes in. Whether you want an onionskin washer or an eyeleted binder board disc . . . whether it’s to be a merchandise card to hold bobby pins or an arrow that points out the special construction feature of a shoe, we think our gadgeteers are a source of help you can’t afford to pass by. So even though you are still in the planning stage, put your problems up to
Dennioon
PAPER PRODUCTS FOR MORE THAN A CENTURY
We're in war work, too. In fact, that work has added considerably to our long experience in die-cutting paper components and specialties for the leaders of American industry. Right now it practically limits us from offering more than help in development work. But if you'd like to plan today in prep- aration for tomorrow, write Dennison, 50-Ford Ave., Framingham, Mass.
TAGS + LABELS © SEALS + SET-UP BOXES - MARKING SYSTEMS ° PAPER SPECIALTIES
10 NEWSWEEK Eee
thority concerning the personnel of such ships.
In Newsweex of July 9, one José A. Morales speaks of the “inequity our merchant marine is receiving by being utterly left out of the GI Bill of Rights.” My question is: Why should they feel they should have any share in it?
Their usual comeback to such a question is: The United States Merchant Marine has lost a greater percentage of men per thou- sand than any branch of service. This is true. But may I ask why the percentage is so high? The answer is that they wanted to take such risks so that they could cash in on the “big money” that was being paid in bonuses, port calls, raids on their ship, and bombings. No one made them take such ships—they asked for them, so that they. could make plenty of
money, which. many did, and others lost’
their lives.
The usual merchant marine that “sacri- ficed” his education to participate in this war did so when the draft board started breath- ing down his neck!
Nava Orricer’s NAME- WITHHELD
c/o FPO
New York City ;
Hogarth, by Request
For the interest and illumination of your
readers, will you please print a large repro-
Culver
‘Hogarth’s lady, deliberating
- duction of Hogarth’s “The Lady’s Last
Stake,” (NewswEeExk, June 25)? N. Matraew Davis
Maryville, Tenn.
NEWSWEEK ayerere from the story in ques tion: “The. . . only example of his ‘moral
the story of ‘a young and virtuous married lod Glineie: (inten at cards cotton officer, loses her money, watch, and.jewels . . . he offers them back in retum for her honor and
THE CONSIDERATION OF A UNI- VERSAL PEACETIME DRAFT LAW BY CONGRESS AT THIS TIME SEEMS BE- YOND COMPREHENSION TO MANY OF US HERE PERIOD THAT THERE IS A POSSIBILITY THAT SUCH A LAW MAY BE ENACTED WHILE ELEVEN (MILLION CITIZEN SOLDIERS ARE UN-
ABLE TO a AN OPINION ON
1941...
‘Building America
1945...
Conquering jungle
When rubber teams with steel ...
was a construction worker here at home, long before
war sent him on a ten thousand mile journey. He was
one of the thousands of Americans who take to handling
hydraulic tools naturally...who know about the power that flows through slender hose.
He’s still in a construction gang...but doing a different job under different conditions...clearing jungles, smooth- ing air strips on coral atolls, building revetments for planes. _
High-pressure hose puts the strength of a giant into his
- hands... hose of flexible rubber, fortified with braided steel wire... hose that controls and conveys tremendous pressures.
To achieve this useful teaming of rubber and steel, long and patient effort had to come first. United States Rubber Company technicians—chemists, engineers, craftsmen — coordinated their skills, focussed them on his needs.
SERVING THROUGH SCIENCE
By serving through science, they gave these fighting builders —the Army Corps of Engineers and the doughty Seabees— hose capable of withstanding highest working pressures, of resisting the effects of jungle heat and arctic cold.
The backlog of experience needed for such servicewas laid in the years before 1941. It takes a big business to meet such needs. But a business only grows big because people like its products. When you bought “U.S.” rubber products in the past, you were creating work for men and women. You helped build this company—helped give it force.
That force is still backing our fighting men. It will con- tinue to do so until the Pacific victory is secured. Sea- soned and strengthened then by its intensive wartime
experience, the U.S. Rubber organization will enthusias- tically return to its civilian job.
Listen to ‘Science Looks Forward” —new series of talks by the great scientists of America—on the Philbarmonic-Sympbony
Program. CBS network, Sunday afternoon, 3:00 to 4:30 E.W.T.
UNITED STATES
RUBBER COMPANY
1220. SIXTH AVENUE, ROCKEFELLER CENTER, NEW YORK 20, N. Y. °
In Conada: DOMINION: RUBBER CO., Led.
POSTWAR . | TRACTOR-TRAILERS WILL BE
Picture your huge tractor-trailer outfits of the future roar-
along through the night, with ie ty tough due to bad wea-
aeeet Sone os. That’s when there
can be no need the youre wl ree when
eyo cl Blas Brakes, controls on the
load and road sates: With this absolute ae tor and trailer will “come in at the seme instant but with peedasermin- meennenereriene Thus the tendency to skid or jack-knife will prevented — nary tractor-trailer trains can be slowed down or mopped ui safely — to afford greater protection to drivers loads, a | a I ap eng an: Sl
Ie is significant that thousands of trailers now in use for essential transport
work, and more thousands of trailing vehides in the mechanized forces of Allied armies the world over, are with Warner *Vari-Load” Electric Brakes.
itive action es, but is a Snead Gomme
WARNER ELECTRIC BRAKE MFG. CO., Beloit, Wis.
_ WARNER. 6s.
CONTROLLED SPLIT-SECQND STOPPING POWER FOR ANY PURPOSE
12 NEWSWEEK ——EEeE—————————————__——— ee
ITS MERITS WOULD BE. A GREATER TRAGEDY THAN THE PASSAGE OF THE PROHIBITION LAW DURING THE LAST WAR PERIOD IT IS HOPED THAT YOU WILL BRING TO THE ATTEN. TION OF THE PUBLIC THE. MANY OBVIOUS REASONS WHY ANY CON. ‘SIDERATION BY CONGRESS OF LEG. ISLATION OF THIS NATURE SHOULD BE DELAYED UNTIL AFTER THE PEACE PERIOD INASMUCH AS CON. TINUATION OF THE PRESENT DRAFT LAW WILL MEET ALL MILITARY DE. MANDS DURING THE WAR AND THE IMMEDIATE PERIOD FOLLOWING IT IS DIFFICULT TO FIND ANY REASON FOR RUSHING LEGISLATION ON A MEASURE THAT MAY WELL CHANGE THE CHARACTER OF OUR NATION WITHOUT AT LEAST ASCERTAINING WHAT TODAYS SOLDIER BELIEVES THE WISEST COURSE FOR HIS COUN. TRY TO FOLLOW
Maj. ‘PHiuiP BaILey
LeHavre. - ~ ~
@ The one fundamental question behind all arguments for or against conscription should never be overlooked. It is: Can America pro- tect herself after the war without conscrip- tion? Speaking as realists, there can only be one answer to that question: NO.
War is not quite so evil and vicious a thing as is the unpreparedness of a nation for that war. With all due respect to a world security organization, which we must also have, an unprepared. America in the world - of the future would be the greatest irony of * all history.
Crt. Sam Rosinson
c/o Postmaster
San Francisco, Calif. Penny: Front and Back
In Transition of the April 23 issue ( Battle Baby) there appeared a picture of Penny Edwards, a dancer from “Laffing Room Only,” parading through Times Square clad in nothing but a barrel. I'll admit that the rear view is pretty good, so now why don't you show what she looks like from the front? Jack E. Mason, Y 3/c
~*~
c/o FPO San Francisco, Calif.
International
Penny: With and without her barrel
‘
SSS ASS
Ehlemeshoseieeiiaetiite Mf aiscseetetiaaed
&@ TEAM THAT's Mart Zo Coat
~
WED os 9898
ALLEGHENY The Time -Tetted. Stainless Stel
a>
HEREVER you find food in
the course of preparation— in homes, restaurants, hotels, hos- pitals, railroad trains, ships, service bases, or the shining dairies, can- neries and packing plants of the nation—you're pretty sure also to find Allegheny Metal, America’s pioneer stainless steel.
Food and Allegheny Metal sup- plement each other like Mother- and-daughter; they’re a team, just about inseparable. That’s' because
_ Allegheny Metal isn’t stained or attacked by any food or fruit acid— because it’s easy to clean and keep clean, and has a high sanitation
factor—because it’s tremendously strong, and for all we know, doesn’t even wear out! The first installations made of it are about 20 years old now, and they’ re stillas good as ever.
What’s more, Allegheny Metal forms and welds easily, and is highly uniform and dependable in quality—a great virtue to any fabri- cator. There may be a lot of places where stainless steel can fit profit- ably into your future. Let us lend a hand in your planning.
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation Brackenridge, Pa.
METAL
ALSO HANDLED AND STOCKED BY ALL JOSEPH YT. RYERSON & SON, INC. WAREHOUSES
woah,
*
Water-borne polyvinyl resins provide safer, simpler coating methods
GEON latex is a film-forming plastic material used to apply thin coatings to fabric, paper, fibre, thread, wire or any other material to which coatings can be applied by conventional methods. It is a true latex— a water dispersion containing a solid content of ap- proximately 50% vinyl resin. Especially suitable for use in continuous processes, GEON latex is an easy- flowing, milk-like liquid of remarkably high stability. It is wot rubber and contains xo rubber.
When suitably formulated GEON latex can be used with standard coating equipment. Variations in viscos- ity can be obtained to make GEON latex suitable for use with such machines as knife spreaders, air knife coaters, roller applicators and continuous dip tanks.
In addition to the natural economy
B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company |
Geon
Pot vinwl
and simplicity of processing, GEON_ latex, being 2 water system, offers safety advantages not to be found in solvent systems. The dangers of toxicity and ex- plosion are eliminated. Dangerous, expensive and cumbersome solvent recovery systems are emnecsesary because no solvent is used.
GEON lIatex, like all latices, has its Sienleatlinns. It is not a “miracle material”, that will do:eway. with other coating methods. Yet already. its use ia military and related applications has proved that entire new fields in coatings will be opened up by this new, mate- rial, the development. of which was 2 true scientific achievement. For - more information, write. Department AA-8, B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company,
Valens Rose Building, Cleveland 15, Ohio.
A DIVISION OF 4 -THE B. F. ryan eae
gm
new ate- iS a ore A-8, ny, 110.
PANY
ene carseat
For Your
Information ... Or of the most
important as-
whose nine
Prisoner No.43004 inces have placed
NEWSWEEK’s review of Canadian events. The Canada page must keep you in- formed on that good neighbor to the north
John Thon Thompson
her among the first three trading nations of the world and made her the fourth wartime industrial power of the United Nations. Moreover, we count it an im- portant service to readers of our do- mestic edition to provide better under- standing of the Canadian people who mobilized a million out of a population of
less than 12,000,000.
rOv-
One of those fighting Canadians is John Thompson, ex-captain in the
JULY 23, 1945
Newsweek ao Sel iio..
Registered U.S. Patent Offi THE MAGAZINE OF NEWS sow Caes
Board of Directors: VINCENT ASTOR irman
*% BUSINESS, LABOR, AGRI- ULTURE, AVIATION .
_% CANADIAN WEEK. . *& EDUCATION % FIGHTING FRONTS . % FOREIGN AFFAIRS . * FROM THE CAPITAL . * INTERNATIONAL SCENE
- oeee
ee % MOVIES . « e * MUSIC ... *% NATIONAL AFFAIRS * PAN AMERICAN WEEK * PERISCOPE
oeet @eeee#ee«get @ @ @ @
2S 8 S SSSRRSLSVSBa- SSlLSE
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President and Publisher: MALCOLM MUIR Managing 2£ditor: CHET SHAW
Asst. Managing Editors: FRED VANDERSCHMIDT EDWIN STOUT
Assocites mond Moley, Admiral William V. Pratt, U.S Ralph Robey, John Lardner.
Associate aie ee eee — John Caldwell, Kenneth Crawford, Robert Humphre YS Clarence Judd, Harry F. Kern, Tom Sears, William Shenkel.+
News Editors: Elmer B. Dulm Dorothy hie Pan-Ameri- con Editor: Harry B. Mu: why Canedian Editor: John E. Thompson. Editorial Budget Director: Bernard P. angel- maier.
Hobart Rowen,
core Weint a London, - Nase
ent ‘abe, Toni aivenl Geraldine Cri “Meni, oo J. Fagans. ont Horace Wads- ing. Harold R. 7s Roland
ary M. Ahern Olga Barbi, Marguerite Emily ln Tech Davis, Eliza lizabeth Forsling, William ple, John Horn, Di irchner,
] - McCusker Ralph D. Paladino, Karl § George Y ells, James W. Wells,
Assistant Editors: Sheila Baker, Willie W. Boddie, Tom W. Bynum Jr., John Denson, ag Ferrer, iy Ferris, Frances Fore, Diana Hirsh, Kelty, Paul E. Kline, Panos P. —_- Edward W. O’Brien, Katharine Riggs, isbury, Niles W. von Wettberg.
Editorial Assistants: Carla oo Jean L. Bake: Barnwe ton, J. C
1 Bo . Calamari, Lillian Chiriaka, Ruth Cul Helen §. Davis, Yole de Blasio, Natalie Doern izabeth M. Fowler, Lenore arrett, Har- riet Hi ay, omy y, ine, Mary B. Hood, Cecil
H a Ruth Love- wp eeally Mecuwan, Blisstoth Miler Ehoe S. Mecls, Ann ‘O’Connor Susan Phelps, Pai tricia ney rom Rumbough, Elizabeth Shaw, Judith Siegel e Sinclair, Ruth R. Skattebol, Sherwin D. Smith, Alice Spinney, Ruth Werthman, Anne White.
Photo and Art feobtente: Grace _Dostal, wb ag Fradin,
, Edward C, Koller, Frank Nigra, An-
thony Rollo, yy Rollo.
*At the Fighting Fronts ‘lian in Action Vice ‘ones ond ae Manager: ee F. MUELLER Bon gh . BOM
Address all correspondence regarding subscriptions to tion Department, Newsweek Broadway and 42nd York 18, New York. Changes of Address: Send both old nev.
15 Gusute Own Cameron » Highlanders of Canada, now NEwswEex’s Canadian Ed- itor. A graduate of the University of Manitoba, Thompson went into the army in 1940, spent nineteen months in Eng- land preparing for the Hitler invasion which never came, and landed on Dieppe on Aug. 19, 1942. John was one of the men who didn’t get back on schedule from that ill-fated raid. After leading his men 2 miles inland, he was wounded (left eye lost) and taken prisoner. He spent the next 25 months in German hos- pitals and prison camps.
A Toronto and Winnipeg newspa- per reporter tured infantry officer, Thompson has _re- tained some vivid impressions of his long years in Nazi jands. His memories of fellow hospital in- mates give a strong taste of the stuff of which Canadians are made. At frequent intervals, the men used to plot various methods of escape, but were always hes- . itant because of the brutal reprisals threatened to those prisoners who _re- mained. Yet the boys who were most en-
thusiastic about others escaping were the totally blind.
Queen’s Own
For his own diversion and that of his countrymen, Thompson wrote, di- rected, and produced a play in the prison hospital. The men staged several original shows, but the one John remembers best a called “Snow White and the Seven
s” (repatriatees). The seven “dwarfs” wees played by one-legged soldiers and they stopped the show with a chorus dance in Rockette precision.
In his weekly coverage of events affecting Canada’s politics, business trends, and daily life, Thompson has fre- quent occasion to think back on the men with whom he sweated out the war. To him, they represent a nation which, a few short years ago, carried little weight internationally, but which today is a world power, politically and economical- ly. From the daily papers of the major cities in each province; from correspond- ents in every capital city; and from his large number of personal friends in Can- ada, John Thompson. and his staff write for NEwswWEEK readers the story of a people to whom we owe appreciation, friendship, and, above all, understanding.
Viz Sctcleee
stnce
FNING prRooucTs
These are the things that make America strong...the industries that RB&W has served during its 100 years of developing better fasteners for better products.
. No. 6 GenctalManiufaciaing
\CCOAsSE... BOOM.
TO ALL =- HELL=- LET -LOOSE
‘a .
: What Eli Whitney started over a century ago has reached its peak during these war years. Mass wl production . . . American Industry's not-so-secret weapon that even the prescient Hitler under-estimated . . , began with Whitney's ten muskets produced from interchangeable parts . . . Yet full advantage of close-tolerance machining could never have been realized without fasteners of utter uniformity . . . Such fasteners . . . bolts, nuts, and other types . . . were introduced . . . a century ago . . . by RB&W. As the years went on, operations became automatic (RB&W developed automatic cold-_ @& heading), accuracy improved, and any-RB&W fastener’ of given specifications could be depended upon to fit —assembling quickly, holding true and tight. : Today, millions of RB&W bolts and nuts fasten the fighting equipment that American Industry has put onto the field of battle in such astronomical numbers. Thanks to RB&W’s traditional policy of continually investing in. research, development work and modern machinery, we were ready when the call came . . . Now, RB&W begins its second “100 years” with continued great faith in America and its industries, to whom we pledge unceasing efforts to keep RB&W EMPIRE a name that stands for fasteners of maximum dependability.
RBcW
RUSSELL, BURDSALL & WARD BOLT AND NUT COMPANY
ONG THE KING STR THING. e0td..WK
mat MAKE AMERICA sTROw,
Factories at: Port Chester, N.¥., Coracpolis, Po., Rock Folts, Hit. “Seles Detrelt, Chicege, Chettancoga, les Angeles, Pertiond, ie from coast to coast. The industry's 's mes? complete, eesiest-to-we cotalog.
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Vou. XXYI, No. 4 K
~~~ Newsweek
istered U.S. Patent ice
Jury 23, 1945
SS = >=
The Periscope
- What’s Behind Today's News and What's to Be Expected in Tomorrow's
Capital Straws
Look for some congressmen to use Sen. Tom Stewart’s bill to make the Sur- plus Pro; Board autonomous as a springboard for an explosive inquiry into the di tion of war plants and mate- rials. They believe what appears to be only delay in working out an wre disposal policy may turn into something much more serious . . . Congressional sources think that President Truman will name a Republican to the Roberts va- cancy on the Supreme Court. They place Sen. Homer Ferguson of Michigan high on the list of possibilities . . . At least two Democrats aspire to succeed Republican Pat Hurley as Ambassador to China, should he resign or be recalled . .. WPB Chairman J. A. Krug is reported to be anxious to return to private industry. A
major airline wants to hire him. Whether.
the government will release him is an- other question . . . Fred Vinson, new Sec-
retary of the Treasury, is expected to seek the transfer of the Export-Import Bank from the Foreign Economic Ad- ministration to his department.
F. D. R.’s Wish An unpublished wish of the late Presi-
~ dent Roosevelt is being discussed by
tee
Congressmen in connection with the Presidential succession bill. F. D. R. once told Sen. Harley Kilgore of West’ Vir- ginia that he wished the Vice President could be given authority to act for the President when the latter is out of the country. This, he said, would give the President a chance for a vacation. A President now must keep up with daily work even though he presumably is tak- ing a vacation on the ie as the id.
late President frequently From Capitol Hill
Despite the demands of Rep. John Rankin, the House leadership won't take
up amendments to the GI Bill of Rights or Rankin’s bill to exempt veterans from
Senator McKellar of Tennessee, presi-
_ deat pro tem of the Senate, is privately
opposing President Truman’s Presiden- tial succession bill, although he would be next in line after the Speaker of the House . . . Some members of Congress are privately telling War and Navy. De- partment officials that they are falling down on the job of dramatizing the Jap- anese war and report a lag in interest in some parts of the country (see page 23) . , .-A law that would give the War Labor Board the power to enforce its or- ders is under discussion again following defiance of the board in recent strikes.
War's Loss to Science
Senator “Magnuson of Washington soon will introduce a bill to establish a permanent Office of Scientific Research and Development under the President. The bill will provide for the annual training in U.S. colleges at government expense of thousands of young men and women in pure science, both under- graduates and postgraduates. Such train- ees thereafter pou go into business as they like, but for the rest of their lives would be on emergency call .at the dis- cretion of the President. Their status, though non-military, would be similar, to that of a reserve officer. The Magnuson bill is based on a report of Dr. Vannevar Bush, pointing out that the country has lost a whole generation of “pure scien- tists” as a result of the war and hinting that captured documents show how sci- entific research might have won the war for Germany in a few more months.
Who Said Lousy?
The caustic criticism of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, widely attributed to Lewis B. Schwellenbach, new Secretary of Labor, was really the result of wishful thinking on the part of a labor Jeader. In talking with Schwellenbach he said the BLS was “lousy.” Schwellen- bach said: “If it is lousy we'll have to change it and make it accurate.” The secretary was amazed next morning to
‘ read that he had said the burean is
“lousy.” However, he is having a thor- ough check made of the bureau’s opera- tions and has received complaints against it from every labor union official he has talked with.
National Notes
The WPB is being criticized for play- ing down: the improved pulp supply sit- uation for fear that its waste-paper drives
_ would be affected .. . . Despite Eisen- hhower’s praise of the OWI’s services in
the European war theater and strongly worded “topside” suggestions from Wash- ington, neither General MacArthur nor Admiral Nimitz has yet indicated willing- ness to accept an OWI adviser at’ staff level for future Pacific operations . . . The War Shipping Administration expects to operate the Tie German luxury liner Europa as ‘a troop transport in the rede- ployment of American forces from the European theater to the Pacific . . . The training-within-industry program of the War Manpower Commission, which has coached 1,800,000 war-plant supervisors since 1940, will wind up its activities around Jan. 1.
?
Our Embassy in Warsaw
VU. S. officials who went to Warsaw in search of quarters for the American Em- bassy report that the villa designated for their use in a Warsaw suburb has mush- rooms growing on the floors and no roof. They are now trying to arrange for em- bassy quarters in the lobby of a Warsaw hotel, the rest of which is completely destroyed. :
Who Said Unconditional?
In recent U. S. propaganda broadcasts to Japan, we are saying that the Japanese themselves were the first ones in this war to demand unconditional surrender. Dur- ing the siege of Singapore, General Yama- shita told the British commander, Gen- eral Percival, that he would accept noth- ing less than unconditional surrender. This happened twelve months . before F.D.R. used the phrase in a press con- ference at Casablanca. Incidentally, Yamashita later commanded the Japanese
armies in the Philippines defeated by -
MacArthur.
Close Call at Balikpapan
It now can be disclosed that the Balik- papan landing worried General MacAr- thur and his staff more than any previous one in the Southwest Pacific, including the Philippines. The main reason was fear of mines, which caused some dam- age and gave the mine sweepers a terrific task. The mines were not of anese, but also those previously laid by the Dutch, Austtalians, and Americans. An- other difficulty arose when the delay in establishing land-based air support. at Tarakan made it necessary to bring in additional carriers and plan air. sweeps by naval planes to cover the assault, A
(No part of this or the next page may be reproduced without written permission)
oak ee:
18 THE PERISCOPE
NewswEEK, JULY 23, 1945
further worry was the belief that the Japs would start huge oil fires to repel the landing parties, but fortunately this did not materialize on the scale expected. The landings came off better than antic- ipated, but there were many anxious mo- ments. MacArthur’s close shave when fired on by snipers was typical of the operation—it was really close.
The Case of Tyler Kent
Tyler Kent, former code clerk of the U. S. Embassy in London who was sen- tenced by a British court in 1940 to a seven-year prison term for violating the official secrets act, will be eligible for release on Oct. 1 and liable for depor- tation to the U. S. as a convicted alien. His attorneys in this country, fearing that
the Department of Justice may file new .
charges against him, have petitioned the British to let him leave voluntarily, either to Eire or to Argentina. The British de- cision has been held up pending a ruling by Attorney General Clark.
California, Here Comes India
J. R. D. Tata, leading Indian indus- trialist who is visiting the U. S. with a number of other Indian businessmen, will
go to California soon to see Henry J. ~
Kaiser. He hopes Kaiser can be interested in providing advice on what Tata calls “California-izing” India—superimposing an industrial economy on an agricultural one. The Indian group sees the solution of many of its problems in the way Cal- ifornia’s economy has been changed since the start of the war.
German Error
Had the Germans combined regular air raids with the buzz-bomb blitz on London in the middle of last summer the effects would have been extremely seri- aus. By August every barrage balloon in London had been moved into a long line 20 miles east and southeast of the city. And almost’ all the heavy anti-air- craft guns were on the east and south- east coasts to intercept the robots over water. These precautions accounted for as high as 90% of the buzz bombs, but a reasonably heavy raid with planes would have caught London with its over- head defenses almost nil.
Foreign Notes
London sources say the Russians in Berlin discovered a woman assistant to Hitler’s dentist who identified the jaw of the body found in the chancellery courtyard as the jaw of the Fiihrer. After the identification the woman was flown to Moscow . . . The last edition of the
Jap-edited Okinawa Daily, published in Naha, carried this headline: “Annihila- tion of Enemy at Hand” . . . Most pop- ular song with the Wacs in Italy is called “The Truman Song.” Sung to the tune of “Lili Marlene,” the words are: “Please Mr. Truman, won’t you send us home?
First we conquered Naples, and then we conquered Rome!” . . . Foreign Minister Velloso of Brazil is expected to replace Carlos Martins as Ambassador to the U. S. Martins’s future is indefinite, but He is being considered for the new post of Brazilian Ambassador to Moscow .. . The first skyscraper in the Holy Land will. be completed by the end of the summer. It is a ten-story structure at Rishon-le-Zion for the Palestine Brewery.
Auto Outlook
I is expected that at seast some De- troit auto manufacturers will finish off their 1945 quotas long before the end of the year and then renew pressure for per- mission to produce more cars. They. may contend that thousands of workers otlhier- wise would have to be laid off until the plants are permitted to start on their 1946 quotas.
Evading Coffee Ceilings
Colombia, like other Latin American countries supplying the U.S. coffee market, is smarting under Washington’s refusal to lift ceiling prices. In conse- quence, U.S. importers say some of the country’s authorities simply disregard them. They close their eyes to short weights which, in extreme cases, have reached 20 pounds in a 154-pound bag, thereby gaining from 50 to 60 cents a bag, and in some cases more than $4, above permissible U.S. prices. Inciden- tally, if Ambassador Adolf Berle has his way there'll be no increase in the U.S. price for Brazilian coffee until he is satis- fied that it will not be for the exclusive benefit of the coffee speculators.
On the Road Again
The WPB’s interpretation of textile order M-388 and its “equitable distribu- tion” clause has held that if garment makers had salesmen visit small-town customers in the base period, they must continue to do so. It is not equitable dis- tribution to force small retailers and oth- ers to make trips to New York and other clothing areas searching for goods. Sales- men, who have been largely unnecessary in the wartime “seller’s market,” will come back into their own if this interpre- tation holds.
Business Footnotes
New York Stock Exchange trading dropped to less than 900,000 shares when the Newspaper and Mail Deliver- ers’ Union strike tied up the New York newspapers which print stock lists. Dur- ing the week before the strike volume was about 2,100,000 shares a day... Financial circles regard Assistant Treas- ury Secretary Harry White as a likely choice for U.S. representative on the Bretton Woods Fund board. Edward E. Brown of t!.:: 'irst National Bank in Chi-
cago is considered a candidate for U. S. representative with the Bank for Recon- struction . . . Expect other names to be added soon to the list of rye speculator; in the government’s crackdown .. . Naval ship repairs in 1946 are expected to equal in dollar volume the declining new ship construction program . . . Cut- backs in some heavy industries are pro- viding urgently needed workers for can- ning plants. In the Midwest, for instance, canners will pack more whole peeled tomatoes. Earlier schedules called for heavy diversion of tomatoes to juice, purée, and catsup.
Radio Notes
Tatas Ace, formerly of Easy Aces, has been signed to write Danny Kaye’s shows starting in the fall .. .
-Popularity of news programs has taken a
nose dive since V-E Day, according to surveys. Insiders do: not expect a rise un- til there are moré decisive developments in the Pacific . . . Look for several prom- inent network advertisers who already have big-time shows on NBC and CBS to test smaller budgeted programs on American and Mutual for plugging sub- sidiary products. Borden’s, with Ginny
- Simms as their big act for CBS next fall,
probably will try out a smaller show on
the American network.
Butler’s Successor
Trustees of Columbia University are deciding on a successor to Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler in what can be described as the hard way. Each trustee brought in his own slate of candidates. After these were sorted and -duplications eliminated it was found that 180 names still re- mained. The leading candidate at the moment is Philip C. Jessup, Columbia professor of international law. Some of the trustees also are talking of General Eisenhower as a possibility, but it is not known whether he would accept if of- fered the job. i
Book Notes '
Joseph Barnes, New York Herald Tri- bune foreign editor, has translated Kon- stantin, Simonoff’s “Days and Nights” for fall publication by Simon & Schuster. Based on Stalingrad’s defense,. it is re- garded as the best Russian novel of the war . . . Therell be a biography of George Sand next fall by Frances Win- war. Harper will publish it... A new 25-cent book line is being planned to compete with Pocket Books . . . “Shinto, the Unconquered Enemy: Japan’s Doc- trine of Racial Superiority and World Conquest,” by Robert O. Ballou, will be launched in the fall by Viking . . . Many of the additions and observations incor- porated in H. L. Mencken’s “Supplement One to the American Language” came from readers of the Braille edition of the original book, “The American Language.
-
U.S. a OTEL PENNSYLVANI Eee econ- } 8 Mik os Mae, Si" to be a oO
japamac,
ators
ected lining , Cut- > pro- r Can- tance, reeled d for
juice,
/ Wasn’t it wonderful, before the war, to drop into 2 But when the war started, hotels became filled to ® Hotel Pennsylvania and get as many rooms as you * capacity with servicemen, officials, diplomats, and wanted ... all at a moment’s notice? No need to other people traveling on urgent war business. It got make reservations in advance. Large, comfortable so that when you wanted a room at Hotel Pennsyl-
Easy rooms were always ready for you! vania you had to reserve it in advance,
anny
ken a ng to i se un- ' ments prom- ready | CBS ? Ms on é > z sub- ' Ginny t fall, Ww On
FLOOR PLAN
ty are
—
! cholas Cc cribed e ght in 3 It became impossible to accommodate folks who It never reached the\point where guests had to sleep these * called on us without warning. Never in all hotel * in hammocks strung up in the lobbies! Even today, inated history were so few people called upon to serve so when you stay at Hotel Pennsylvania, you'll find ill re- many. And yet, in spite of all difficulties, our staff that the essential services are still being maintained it - pitched in and overcame a seemingly insurmount-_ . ... and so skillfully, that you'd hardly notice the = of able situation. 3 wartime changes! ya eneral : i} is not : ' i if of-
d Tri- Kon- ts” for 1uster. is re- of the hy of Win- \ new ed to hinto, nae 5. What a happy day it will be when times become “ill be b oe — Non — — — newly deco- i ra lobbies, and immediately own to a com- ft, % Pi ni pletely redecorated room. Our postwar plans call for ee ee ee Paverne | ement every service and convenience you could expect ... NEEDED FOR U. S. WAR BONDS Pp came in addition to innovations and improvements you
of the never dreamed of!
” : uage. .
nen
Washington
NEWSWEEK, JULY 23, 1945
Trends
- Looks at GHQ of the War Effort
The Periscope
The current strike wave has not shaken the War Labor Board’s determination to hold the wartime wage line a little longer. No change in basic rates will be permitted at least until the board has time to make a thorough study of the wage structure. This will take several months at best.
The proposal to pay war workers returning to civilian produc- tion jobs for 48 hours even though they work only 40, thus compensating them for loss of overtime, has been rejected by the board’s public members, who hold the balance of WLB power. They contend that this plan would be unfair to workers remaining on war production jobs and would therefore tend to lure essential personnel away from war industry.
The so-called bracket system under which wages in the sameé industry vary from one geographical section to another will be scrapped shortly.. The WLB will undertake to equalize wages on an industry-wide basis. Members explain that sectional dif- ferentials, necessary in wartime to prevent wholesale migra- tions of workers, are no longer needed. .
Reorganization of the Labor Department and of other agencies dealing with labor problems is planned by Secretary Schwellen-- bach. His program would (1) centralize policymaking in the department; (2) create a central clearinghouse of information, also in the department, for the benefit of ‘citizens with labor problems; (3) eliminate overlapping functions of the depart- ment and of independent agencies operating in the labor field, even though some of these agencies will remain detached, and (4) save the expense of the current sprawling setup. The plan will go to the Budget Bureau for implementation, *
Pending this streamlining, Schwellenbach refuses to meddle in any current industrial dispute. He has instructed bureau chiefs to proceed on their own until the new machinery is in running order. He won't be rushed into what he considers premature decisions in specific cases until his organization is ready to function efficiently.
Schwellenbach’s appointments will satisfy both the CIO and AFL when the new Labor Department roster is complete. Both will get part of what they want. Incidentally, CIO chief Philip Murray was less outraged than generally supposed by appoint- ment of Carl Moran as Assistant Secretary of Labor. Schwellen- bach explained that Moran’s experience as an organizer was precisely what he needed for the immediate task of revamp- ing the department.
Manufacturers are renewing their fight for early restoration of a free market in raw materials, Control of materials needed by war plants will, of course, continue through V-J. But rationing of leftover materials available to civilian industry is scheduled for discontinuance Jan. 1. Object of the current campaign is to advance this date to Oct. 1.
Chairman Krug of the War Production Board sympathizes with the manufacturers. On the theory that reconversion will be hastened by business freedom, he is willing to lift controls on Oct. 1, if certain war-supporting industries like: transportation are assured an adequate supply of steel and other essential ma-
terials. Steel-industry. spokesmen have assured him that they can supply all needs if the priority system is junked.
But the Vinson office remains unconvinced. Once before it pre- vented the WPB from permitting a free scramble for raw ma- terials. At that time it feared that rivalry between buyers would lead to wild bidding for materials and encourage an inflation- ary spiral. The burden of proof will be on the WPB to show that this won’t happen.
Labor lobbyists have transferred their base of operations from the White House to the Capitol since the death of President Roosevelt. They used to apply pressure to the Chief Executive
- for anything they wanted. Now they go directly to Congress on
the theory that government policy originates there more often than at the other end of Pennsylvania Avenue.
The new technique paid off this week in the recommendation of a Senate Education and Labor subcommittee that the War Labor Board make 65 cents an hour a basic nationwide wage minimum. Such a policy should later be written into the Fair Labor Standards Act, this committee held, as a safeguard against postwar depression.
A labor petition calling for upward revision of the Little Steel formula and for restoration of full responsibility for wage policy to the WLB is now circulating at the Capitol. Twenty-eight congressmen signed the first week. Framers of the petition con- tend that the WLB has become the handmaiden of the Vinson office and other nonlabor agencies.
e
Civilian rail travel will get harder before it gets easier. The Office of Defense Transportation will soon extend the 450-mile minimum run on which Pullman cars may be used. Eventually Pullmans will be excluded from runs of less than 1,000 miles. And even after this is done, it may be necessary to re- duce drastically the number of Pullmans available, regard- less of distance. — -
A priority system on Pullman travel similar to that employed in air travel may be the next step. This might be extended to long-run coach travel if things get tighter next fall, but at present officials hope to avoid this. Outright coupon ration- ing would be a last resort and is not expected because of difficulties of administration.
Troop movements from Europe are ahead of schedule. The re- deployment plan called for the arrival of 150,000 soldiers last month, but more than 300,000 were landed. This month the plan calls for 250,000, but satual arrivals may exceed 350,000, The June excess of transport performance over plan was what forced adoption of the 450-mile Pullman ‘rule.
Food for Europe has been missing the boats. Space available on troop and cargo ships going to Europe for Army personnel and equipment frequently has been wasted. Some of it was allotted to the French but unused, either because the French Purchasing Commission couldn’t buy the food it wanted or, when it tid make purchases, couldn’t get its supplies to the docks on time. Even so, commitments made to the French last April are being discharged gradually. However, the tem of build-up for the final phase of the Pacific war will not be slack ened to keep food ships operating in the Atlantic.
4 ne ORRIN Rk ER AIR i a RI Cs ed
Ss
i ———
it_ they
it pre- iw ma- - would flation- 0 show is from THE Service men and women on the far- esident flung battlefronts can feel justly proud of aaa the wholehearted support given to them e often throughout the war by the people of Wichita. All Wichita people have fully , supported the war by. personal sacrifices ndation A re War and by both direct and indirect assistance, e wage but this tribute is especially directed to he Fair those who work in all the large and small leguard plants which together and in cooperation have turned out such vast quantities of le Steel war material. > policy Wichita’s war workers represent a true ry-eight a ean cross section of Kansas people. They have Vinson performed miracles of production. Start- ing with little or no jndustrial experience, they have applied eagerness to serve and or. The devotion to their jobs as a successful sub- 50-mile stitute for experience, and have produced ntually a quantity of war production that has not ) miles, been equalled on a per capita basis by the bone people of any other city or locality. The Wichita record of 18 Army-Navy “E” awards for excellence and 4 Maritime “M” oyed in awards for merit attests the outstanding pan : quality of their workmanship. oth. They have come from near and far to ause of lend their willing hands, strong backs, and active minds to the job of producing what The re- our Government asked us all to deliver to ‘ers last our fighting forces. They closed up their nth the businesses, left their farms, and changed 50,000, their mode of living in order to help get as what the job done. A recent survey shows that a clear majority of these folks are in war work because of vailable their desire to directly _o and personally contribute French to victory. ited or, : 3 to the nch last of ack-
>A SALUTE TO WICHITA'S WAR WORKERS
Be ec, Aircraft
BEECHCRAFTS ARE DOENG THEIR . Q
The women have rendered tiuralibahie:
service and have made a magnificent rec- ord of efficiency in tasks that they never dreamed they ever would attempt. The | physically handicapped people have — proved that their determination and cour- ~ age more than offset their physical dis- abilities. The old folks who came from ‘ retirement have demonstrated that they : too can do a full-sized job.
Generosity in Red Cross donations, both | in money and blood, has characterized | these fine people. They have invested many tens of millions of dollars in war bonds.
We feel that these folks are truly repre- sentative of Kansas people and that their achievements are derived from the Strength and the support of all Kansas » people. They have demonstrated that | . Kansans* not only can do whatever they ~ want to do, but also can do it quickly and well. With this lesson of the war before them, who can doubt the future greatness of Kansas and of Wichita?
‘We. respectfully salute the war workers for the job that they have done and the job that they will continue to do in war %/ production and the peace production that |! “gp is to follow.
*Of coursé all these folks are Kansans now, although many of them came here from other states, to help do the job.
—
WICHITA, KANSAS, U.S.A.
BS
ae
motor. The head and oil pan have never even been
removed. I’m still getting good
asoline mileage and
don’t use any great amount of oil. The car has always been on the farm and for years it has been driven
over some of
the worst mud roads in the township.
But it’s still rolling right along.”
“Plymouth Builds Great Cars” is as old as Plymouth. It isn’t just a sales slogan .. . it doesn’t just apply to one or a few models. The four wordasum up Plymouth’s manufac- turing policy—first, last and always.
Year after year, Plymouths have been great cars because of the value built in, the extra usefulness to owners. And to make our cars even better, we have constantly pio- neered major advancements . . . set
new standards for the low-price field with each new model.
To win and hold millions of own- ers, Plymouth had to plan and build for service, This same enduring policy is built into guns .and tanks and planes today. It will be built into great new cars tomorrow. Meanwhile, Plymouth’s nation-wide dealer organization gives good care to the cars Plymouth built before the war.
PLYMOUTH Division of CHRYSLER CORPORATION
‘
: You'll aan “The Music of Morton Gould" Thursdays, CBS,.9 P.M., EWT New, in 1945, Arthur Schilling, Odell Township, IMinois, farmer, says this about his 1994 model:
“I’ve passed the 100,000-mile mark with my 1934 Plymouth.and have never had any work done on the
a.
go, Ps
@ 7TRVE YESTERDAY ——
PLYMOUTH
SUS
aUY WAR BONDS! . . TO HAVE AND TO HOLD
/W TRUST FOR TOMORROW
10LD
-
Volume XXVI Number 4
?
+ A WELL-INFORMED PUBLIC IS AMERICAS GREATEST SECURITY >
Newsweek
The Magazine of News Significance
¢ NATIONAL AFFAIRS °*
America’s Midsummer Mood: War Weary, Restless, Irksome
Public Talking More About Food and Pay Than About Pacific; Strikes Reflect Irritation
One by one the crippled ships came limping back to California, in testimony to the devastation by Jap suicide at- tacks. They needed quick repairs but the huge Navy drydocks at Terminal Island and nearby shipyards in Los Angeles Harbor stood helpless: For months the West Coast had seen a steady exodus of ship workers. The wreckage piled up alarmingly.
Worried manpower officials hit upon a job-recruiting se si Why not show the public the truth? Reluctant at first for se- curity reasons, the Navy finally agreed to hold open house. It urged Californians to see for themselves the effects of the Kamikaze attacks on the destroyer Zel- lars and the hospital ship Comfort. The United States Employment Service hope- fully set up booths.
Over one week end 250,000 visitors saw the ships. But only 2,500—1 per cent —bothered to pause at the USES stands. Of those who inquired, only 600 took work. The other 1,900 begged off—they were wom out, or wanted to go fishing, or needed more assurance of security, or preferred to set up small postwar busi- nesses with their wartime earnings.
On Our Minds, sly In midsum- mer of 1945, the California manpower crisis was no isolated sign of the times.
Elsewhere in the nation the same dis- ©
turbing pattern cropped up. Over Michi- gan City, Ind., an Army. plane disgorged a bellyload of leaflets in a desperate stunt to attract 800 sorely needed ‘sleeper-car construction workers for the I Pull-
‘man plant. Nor was the trouble merely
with manpower. In Omaha, Nebr., women volunteers failed to heed a Red Cross call to fill July. 31 quotas of sur- gical a
Viewing the national scene, govern-
ment leaders were frankly puzzled. True,
_ Some psychological letdown was inevi-
table with V-E Day. But stirring events
-Temained to challenge the natisnal con-
science. Overseas, in Potsdam, America’s Chief Executive was ‘sitting down to chart the peace of Europe with his co- partners in the Big Three (see page 42). In the heart of government in Washing- ton, Congress was deep in consideration of Bretton Woods and the San Francisco charter. But if the people were roused by these events, they had strange ways of showing it.
Complacency was perhaps too strong a word to describe the American mood last week. Certainly it did not fit the citi- zens of Pittsburgh and Milwaukee, of Brooklyn and Louisville, who had well exceeded set goals in the Seventh War Loan drive.* But upon too many millions —the families whose sons were heading home from Europe to an Army discharge, the women to whom the shortage of soap meant more than a B-29 mission out of Guam, the tireless procession of race- track. fans and night-club habitués—the hard, cold fact of the war still to be won in the Pacific lay lightly.
The Butcher, the Baker: Topic A in home-front conversation last week was the great adventure of food-buying. Some civilian strategists boasted of their
®The national record, as of July 9: Total sales $26,313,000,000 (goal, 814,000,000, . _ Total 8. to individu $8,681,000,000, including $3,976,000,000 in E Bonds (goal: $4,000,000,000).
N.Y. Datly News
Long week end: A reeord Monday crowd at Aqueduct race track, New York
starts
24 NATIONAL AFFAIRS
devious maneuvers to circumvent the still-critical meat shortage. Chicago po- lice admitted that a black-market gang had been able to hijack food trucks and stores for six months by the simple de- vice of installing a romantic couple in a nearby auto; squad-car patrols would pass by and wink benevolently. ‘The law-abiding found the hunt for food a major preoccupation. In Boston the queues of angry housewives grew longer; New England summer-table standbys were almost prohibitively
priced—the first corn of the season, $1.80 °
a dozen ears, blueberries, up to 75 cents a quart. The announcement that butter would drop from’ 24 to 16 red points a pound absorbed at least as much atten- tion as the latest leveling of a Japa- nese city.
The Holiday Maker: There was an- other major home-front headache: travel space. In Congress Rep. Hugh DeLacy, Washington Democrat, charged that a train, equipped with meat and other foods had been sent empty from St. Paul, Minn., to Tacoma, Wash., to pick up members of the Weyerhauser clan, Northwest lum- ber millionaires, for luxurious “cross- country joyrides.” To Washington 40 vacationists came from Kansas City, Chicago, and Detroit, touring the East by train coach, planning to see the sights by bus and streetcar. ODT officials admitted that the group was holding to the letter, if not the spirit, of ODT regulations, but added caustically: “We hope these people all get a good look at Arling- ton Cemetery.”
Acme Mascots: GlI’s arriving in Boston, sur- round 9-year-old Natale Piavallo, of Milan, Italy, who was smuggled aboard their transport in a barracks bag...
Brett—Miam! (Fla.) Herald
There were more automobiles around. Highways to the Arlington Park race track, out of Chicago, were jammed. In Kentucky, Dade Park planned its fall meeting, starting August 2, despite an Office of Defense Transportation-Inter- state Commerce Commission ban on transporting race horses in common car- riers. Now horses travel by private van.
In the hot-weather doldrums crime took its prominent place. In Media, Pa.,
44-year-old Mrs. Anne E. Dufficy was
held for the killing of her 2%-year-old
granddaughter “in an effort to make her behave.” In Peabody, Mass., 26-year-old Dave Horblit, a deaf-mute prize fighter, confessed to hammering his wife and daughter to death because his wife “didn’t love” him any more.
The strain of coming home from the wars was beginning to tell on the s. In Louisville, a soldier from nearby Camp Atterbury, enraged at not finding a seat on a streetcar, sat on the floor, brandished a German ‘pistol, and ordered
- everyone out. In St. Louis, unable to se-
cure housing space, a discharged veteran threatened to go out with a machine gun and find some.
Too Few, Too Many: The most dis- quieting home-front phenomenon, how- ever, was the labor situation. In Detroit, long lines of unemployed—total for the city estimated at 40, milled outside USES offices, some hunting jobs, others applying for unemployment benefits.
Yet: elsewhere in the nation the calls for more war-plant workers grew more desperate. Rubbertown in i : producing .at least $5 per cent of the country’s synthetic rubber, was from 10 to 25 per cent behind its 1945 schedule. Around Puget Sound the rate of depar-
tures from the Boeing plant and area.
shipyards was 4,000 a month, the rate of new arrivals only 3,000 a month. The Washington state manpower directo,
‘50,000 men were idle throu
NEWSWEEK
Albert F. Hardy, admitted: “The situa- tion is appalling . . . It’s just like taking one step forward and falling back two.”
Teo Hard-Earned a Penny: About
oh strikes each day during the past few weeks. Causes of the strikes were almost in- numerable. Some were based on dis- agreements over contracts, others on rea- sons more tenuous: A St. Louis plant struck briefly when a Negro employe drew a knife on another. °
Behind the confusion and turmoil ot labor appeared some of the same irri- tants which were distracting the entire country from the war in the Pacific: fear of failure to gain postwar security before victory and the inevitable, sweeping lay- offs; fat savings accounts; war-weariness. Conciliation officials in the Labor De- partment put it this way:
“Workers in war plants have had their noses to the grindstone for three or four years now. Many have been forgoing \a- cations, working overtime, sacrificing
home life. They are told that continued
work is necessary to win the war against Japan, but they see war plants closing down, and in plants where war produc- tion is still going on, sharp cutbacks in contracts. .
' “They get a feeling of restlessness, an urge for change. They want to blow off steam. They become subject to the slight-
~ est provocation from the boss. They are
easy victims to disruptive local union leaders . . . They are equally easy victims of employers who want to provoke strikes for their own postwar purposes.”
as Internationa) ... Natale was detained by Immigration officials, but this spotted pup ‘has better luck as his doughfoot owner hurries him unceremoniously ashore at New York.
-— =f oe Te ee oe nn ee ee ie ee ee: oe eee OO CS.
‘ing ued inst ing uc- ; in
an
off ght-
are Mion ims ikes
al
Jury 23,1945 —————_—_—EEE
Cold Feet, Hot Cash
The Treasury’s drive to collect $1,000,- 000,000 in evaded income taxes was hit- ting the big-money cheats at both ends last week: They had cold feet and sud- den hot memories of vast sums over- looked in the excitement of counting war- time profits. Where consciences had failed, the threat of criminal prosecution sounded by Secretary Henry Morgen- thau Jr. before his resignation (NEws- WEEK, June 11) was showing unexpected and pleasing <results.
But complete attainment of the goal was still distant. “There is no end of evasion,” Morgenthau told a press con- ference. “The more we go into it the more shocking we find it.”
Now You See It: Under Section 55 of the Internal Revenue Code which makes a secret of “whether the taxpayer is in difficulty or not,” Morgenthau could not disclose the identities of the tax dodgers. But he could cite cases and he did: ¢ A Wisconsin firm of war contractors is believed to have evaded taxes on $5,000,- 000 profits by suppressing sales reports, padding payrolls, and diverting money to private accounts. In one instance, firm materials and manpower were used to build a private home for a company of- ficer. The case will shortly go before a Federal grand jury.
@ A manufacturer with a subcontract for the boxes Purple Heart Medals come in reported a loss on his last fiscal year and filed a claim for a.carry back against tax- able net income from the previous years. When inquiry indicated the firm had ac- tually made a profit, the company presi- dent admitted of sales had been
' concealed. So far $80,000 has been lo-
cated in nine or ten banks.
@ A New York drug distributor has of- fered $50,000 to settle his tax debt and penalties for failure to pay up.
@ A New York dealer in women’s cloth-
ing is also seeking to settle his tax cheat |.
for $200,000 in taxes and penalties.
@In Providence, R.I., contempt pro-
ceedings. were brought against a jeweler ~ who clai his records had been lost ~ in a robbery. 2
Eat, ‘Drink, and Pay: Though Mor- - genthau declined to identify the New
York restaurant owner who, he said, had
“overlooked” paying imcome taxes on -
$2,200,000 he had put away in several safety deposit boxes, The New York Daily News showed. no such restraint.
e man, said The News, was Henry
Lustig, wealthy operator of the string of .
twelve expensive Lon rants. (Iced coffee, cents; ice cream, 50 cents). For three
champs Restau-
years, The News declared, Lustig butfit :
up his cozy little reserve fund by .with- drawing varying amounts daily and tak- ing it away in an armored car. Two of the restaurants frequently yielded
~~ $1,000 each on a good day. Withdrawals
cents; peas, 60 —
DEW MELON... govt : pa TIATED BLUEBERRIES with Croom ........ 7s FRESH PEACHES ............. webibrateals cds 60 re SIZZLING Hamanuryes Steak Longe am e BROILED | CHOP! ‘=D FI MIGNON, ushreoms Sau Fresh Spinach, Mashed Petatece Ms 1.45 ‘There to ne compromise with quality at Lengchampe
up, Cream .....4 Cocos or Chocolate, Cup. 30
p (Pot)... ..... 20 Instant Postum, Kaffee-Hag
le svdead 25 or Sanka Coffee, Pot . 38 fer-One ........ 2s Fresh Orangeade ........ & Mitk 20 Fresh Lemonade ........0 Cy Teer Tee 20 =—- Frosted Chocolate . to
os cwetanccioue 4 leed Chocolate, Glass 38 Po? . 35 leed Coffee, Pot - %
OPEN ALL NICHT SON AVENUE sr 59O™/TREET
Longchamps’ lush prices and lush atmosphere yield big profits for Lustig
were covered by using two sets of books.
The Treasury agents discovered the big hoard during an investigation of black marketers. Banks were reporting firms which consistently changed smuall bills into large ones. The restaurant chain’s books’ were examined. Agents quickly noted one thing: In some cases where the chain paid rents on a_ per- centage of the gross business, rentals far exceeded the amounts which would have been paid on thé gross business shown.
At this point the chain’s lawyer ap- proached the New York Collector of In- ternal Revenue ahd offered a voluntary
. payment of the full tax on the gated
money, it had been held out as
a reserve fu d for supplies (Lustig insist-
ed the tax investigation “was request- ed”). The.offer of settlement was sohised.
Harris & Hiram Johnson casts a lonely ‘No’
Graphic House
Charter: Only One Nay
Lying in a chair in the Senate barber- shop with a towel over his face, old Hiram Johnson of California sent for the clerk of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and murmured a few words in his ear. Speedily the clerk made his way back to Foreign Relations Chairman Tom Connally and the informal press conference he was holding. He whis- pered. Connally turned to reporters:
“Senator Johnson says no.”
Thus_last Saturday the hardy isola- tionist from the West announced that
phoned in his yes, and Henrik. Shipstead of Minnesota, who was en route from home).
Begun and ended in five speedy days— half the allotted time—the hearings were
remarkable in another respect as well:
Out of them the charter had come un- scathed by so much as one reservation or amendment. At the same point on its parliamentary path, the League cove- nant was staggering under four reserva- tions and 38 amendments.
The Sages: The hearings opened at 10:34 a.m. Monday with ex-Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius Jr. and ended at 4:08 p.m. Friday with John Foster Dulles, foreign-policy adviser to Thom- as E. Dewey in 1944. Both strongly en-
26 NATIONAL AFFAIRS
dorsed the charter, but Dulles raised the specter of conflict: should the decision as to where and what armed force the United States would send to fight aggres- sion rest with the Senate, under its treaty-making prerogative, or with both houses of Congress, under an enabling act defining the American delegate’s pow- ers? Dulles believed the first, Administra- tion leaders the second, on the ground that a majority vote in both houses would be easier to get than a two-thirds Senate vote every time the question of the use of forces arose.
For the charter, the impressive array of witnesses included Leo Pasvolsky, Russian-born State Department expert, who spent more time on the stand than any other individual; former Sen. Robert Owen of Oklahoma (1907-25), now 89 and blind, who dramatically recalled his days as a staunch Wilsonian and put into the record his 1917 Senate resolution for a world peace organization; and Norman Thomas, Socialist leader, who frankly ad- mitted his support of the charter only on the grounds that “it may be better than nothing.”
. But what made the hearings the best
Washington show of the week and daily packed the 300 seats in the huge, marble- pillared caucus room was the opposition —largely women—who contended that the charter was unconstitutional, immoral,
and a sellout to Britain or Russia.
The Shouters: Among the noteworthy: @ David Darrin of Washington, loaded with bundles of exhibits accumulated
NEWSWEEK
Na
over the past twenty years (which he vainly tried to get the committee to promise to publish), spoke for the United Nations of the Earth, an organization which he admitted had only one mem- ber—himself. He called the charter “a complete journey in the wrong direction with a one-way ticket.” When he fin- ished, Connally gravely reminded him: “I hope you will report to your association.” @ Agnes Waters, a Capitol Hill peren- nial, spoke for the National Blue Star Mothers. She described the charter as “an international conspiracy to make of this nation a feeding trough for the ‘have- nots’ of the world” and shouted that the “real war criminals are in this room— Stettinius, Pasvolsky, and Molotoff.” Go-
ing past her allotted fifteen minutes, Mrs.
Waters had to be dragged away from the stand after Connally’s gavel outpounded her yells.
@ Mrs. Helen V. Somers of Philadelphia spoke for herself, “the government, and the people of the United States.” (Con- nally’s comment: “That’s good represen- tation—go ahead.”) Mrs. Somers waved an American flag whose stripes had been replaced by the Union Jack and called the charter a plan to return us to the
British Empire and make the Duke. of |
Windsor king of the world.
@ Mrs. Florence H. Griesel of Chicago,:
stout representative of the Women’s League for Political Education, “Instead of laboring so hard down in San Francis- co with all these foreigners eating our scarce food, why haven’t you worked for a negotiated peace with Japan? We
Acme
Light Humor: Ashore or afloat, Thurman Arnold likes his pipe. Here, the mo- nopoly fighter who recently resigned as a judge of the United States Court of Ap- peals in Washington, takes his watery ease as he gets a light from the new Attorney General, Tom Clark, at an outing of Cabinet members and congressmen in Maryland.
—
used to call them’ the nice little people and admire their beautiful cherry blos- soms in Washington.”
Six Against the World? Just 26 min- utes after the last witness. had been heard, the committee announced its vote. The charter’s next move is to the Senate floor. There it is scheduled to be taken up July 23 after (Administration leaders hope) the Senate passes the im- plementing Bretton Woods legislation al- ready approved by the House.”* Oppo- nents of Bretton Woods, led by Robert A. Taft, Ohio Republican, wanted to put off considering it until fall.
Viewing the thus-far smooth sailing of the charter, Senator Connally changed an earlier prophecy that the charter op- position would marshal no more than ten votes. Optimistically the Texan re- vised the prediction downward to six.
Por =
The Patient Lived
Little in money was involved; much in principle. President Truman wanted the Fair Employment Practice Committee to continue to ferret out discrimination in the employment of Negroes and _ other minorities. He asked $599,000 so that the agency could carry on another year But Southern members of Congress, stub- bornly opposed to any appropriation at all, so tangled parliamentary proceedings that life or death for the FEPC remained doubtful for weeks.
Last week the strength of FEPC sup- porters and the persuasion of Congres- sional leaders finally wore down the Southern bloc. The FEPC was voted $250,000 which it could use either to liquidate or continue its regular func- tions. Counting on President Truman's firm support, the FEPC gave no sign of liquidating.
eon
Better Tell Your Husband
The judge’s ruling touched off feverish argument wherever’ servicemen had a chance to shoot the breeze. In Columbus, Ohio, Common Pleas Judge C. P. Mc- Clelland, placing four illegitimate chil- dren for adoption, had held it was not necessary to notify absent servicemen of their wives’ unfaithfulness at home (NEWSWEEK, July 2).
Official reaction was quick. The Ohio
_ legislature pushed through a bill requir-
ing that husbands and/or wives be noti- fied by the state’s courts when one or the other becomes the parent of an illegiti- mate child and seeks to place it for adop- tion. Last week Gov. Frank Lausche
_ signed the anti-concealment bill and it
became a law for philandering service wives to think about.
a
©The Honse last week began its exodus for the longest vacitivu Congress has had since the war be- gan. a a istencies, the holiday will last until
'SWEEK
icencimeeee |
people los-
6 min- 1 been ed its to the 1 to be stration the im- tion al- Oppo- Robert ited to
iling of hanged ter op- e than kan re- to six.
wuch in ted the ittee to tion in 1 other 30. that x year s, stub- tion at ceedings mained
C sup- ongres- vn the
voted ther to + func- ‘uman’s 10 sign
id everish had a umbus, P. Mc- re chil- vas not men of home
e Ohio requir- ye noti- > or the illegiti- r adop- sausche and it service
s for the p war last until
~~ disci
———
Iriy 23, 19 2 ee
a
Another Beer, Biddle
Pilea he Sa no ee name than Bi Rich, distinguished,
Biddles. have been: bankers; . oe brokers, and warriors for more than 250 vears. Currently 78 Biddles~ are listed in the Philadelphia Social Register. But there‘are many more: In 1931 ata fmily reunion at the Historical Society rooms in Locust Street, 300 appeared with roper
é Last week ‘the name | but not the heritage fell: by judicial order on two eager Quaker City non-» Biddles: Abraham Bitle, Russian-born bartender, and his wife, Celie. Plagued. by misspellings and mispronounciations of their own: name. (common- est mispronounciation; - Beetle), they had asked . for a change . of Bitle ‘to. Biddle. Some Biddles op- posed’ them.. But Judge Eugene Alessandroni saw no legal reason to deny
the application.
“While we find much to admire in the loyalty to an honorable family name and tradition,” he ruled, “we cannot acknowledge to the objector such a pro- prietary interest in his family name as to prohibit a change.”
Henceforth even Philadelphians low on the social scale would be served their drinks by a Biddle.
Saal
Seven by the Rope
The procendios swere: brief: and. ter- ible. The kangaroo court of 200 German prisoners assembled in. the mess hall of
_ the Tonkawa, Okla., camp on the night
of Nov. 4; meee Ss - Walter Beyer , Nazi zealot, presen arp an un- signed ee note in German script and a letter written by Johannes Kunze, one of the prisoners, to his wife in Ger- many. The handwritings looked ‘similar.
“There is a traitor among us,” Beyer snapped. Kunze cowered and cried out his innocence. Swearing and ‘shouting, the others fell on him and beat him to death with milk bottles and kitchen crockery.
For a Life: At five minutes past mid- night July 10, S oe va Beyer, 32, late of Rommel’s Korps, stolidly lis- tened as the commanding officer, Col. W. S. Eley, seed his sath vrarvant in the ary barracks at Fort Leaven- Kan; An. interpreter asked one
e question: Did Beyer wish to make a » statement. “I can't see why this should be done to me,” ‘he blurted.” ~~
His stubble-covered cliceks were drawn
and his eyes: shifted nervously, -but his
chin was firm. He wore black breeches,
black puttees, a khaki jacket, and a cloth cap. An MP removed the cap and placed a black hood over the prisoner’s head. At the command, “Right face! Forward, march,” Beyer pivoted and _ strode for- ward with eight soldiers. At seven min- utes past midnight, his body dropped
The newest Philadelphia Biddle follows an ancient business
through the trap of the gallows set up in the barracks’ old warehouse building.
Four other Nazis followed: Staff Sgt. Berthold Seidel, 30; Sgt. Hans Demme, 23; Sgt. Hans Schomer, 27; and Cpl. Willi Scholz, 22. Like Beyer they had been part of Rommel’s army; like him they were defiant to the end.
Convicted Jan. 25, 1944, by a court- martial at Camp Gruber, Okla., the five were the first prisoners of war ever exe- cuted in this country.
One note of irony emerged: Had the
- war lasted, another two weeks, the five
probably would be alive today. Negotia- tions for their exchange for five American officers under sentence of death in Ger- many were proceeding when the German surrender.came. The five Americans were liberated by the advancing armies.
‘We Beg to Appeal... ‘Three months ago, the five men were informed they could appeal for clemency to the President. Two were willing to ask for their lives, but Beyer’s leadership was too rigid. “You are German soldiers,” he said. “I will not allow you to crawl before the enemy.”
In another case, Sgt. Erich Gauss, 32,
and Pvt: Rudolf Straub, 39, felt no such © ~ constraint. Convicted of killing Horst
Giinther, a fellow prisoner, at Aiken, S. C., on April 5, 1944, because he di- vided food “unfairly” between Americans and German prisoners, they appealed to the late President Roosevelt on last Feb.
Sane Sean SESE eas
NATIONAL AFFAIRS _ 27
8 to spare their lives. The ap was denied .and last week they, too peal We hanged at Fort Leavenworth.
oo
was - With bare legs curled under her, film
actress Faye Emerson Roosevelt sipped a
frosty drink in her suite at the Waldorf-Astoria. She had an extra drink waiting for her husband, Brig. Gen. Elliott Roosevelt, who ‘buzzed into and around New York last week for a series of business appoint- meets Faye frowned; “He
retty tired. Tired with a lot of things. I was so happy and everything has been happy — except the beating Elliott is taking now.”
Down from the Roose- velt home at Hyde Park, Faye confessed uncer- tainty about her future plans and Elliott’s: “While my contract with Warners has two years to run, I can say definitely that my fu- ture depends upon what happens to Elliott. And
what happens to Elliott is in the lap of the gods.”
What will happen to Elliott became a larger and more intri- guing question than ever. At the week end, Chairman Robert L. Doughton of the House Ways and Means Committee an- nounced that Treasury investigators were digging beyond the $200,000 loan to
Elliott by the Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co.
president, John Hartford. Doughton said:
“The investigators are checking on all loans [to Elliott]. Their inquiry has taken them to Chicago and New York and other places in the country.”
Brother, Can You Spare: Tales of big loans to Elliott and meager settlements ($4,000 wiped the Hartford_loan off the books) popped up and down. Stories from Washington, giving no source ex- cept “Congressional quarters,” said the loans “might” reach up to $800,000. But this was wishful guesswork; the hard
Newsweek
facts were still to be heard from.
Doughton said the Treasury men had run into several snags in their effort to unravel young Roosevelt’s finances but that he aon d their findings to be re-
A brand-new angle dev on the Hartford loan: It was that when former _Cotmmerce
28 NATIONAL AFFAIRS
t
International Faye looks toward Elliott
his finances. He said he wanted to get back to the war. “I have applied for duty in the Pacific. I hope I get it. I want to see the show out. But, of course, it is up to the War Department. If it doesn’t see eye to eye with me on Pacific duty, I'll apply for a discharge.”
The War Department appeared to be in no hurry to reassign him. At the Pen- tagon Building they are exceedingly wary of soldiers who get noncombat mention on the front pages.
*Elliott’ Roosevelt, who rose from captain to his present rank of brigadier general, accumulated 278
ints in his five years soldiering. He made 67 ight missions as a pilot and has 478 hours of combat duty.
Elliott looks toward the Facific
Hannegan Hay Day It was a good hot-weather story about an old enemy in bloody-nose St. Louis
politics. Last week, The St. Louis Post- Dispatch first-paged it this way:
HANNEGAN SHARES IN TWO CONCERNS; MAY START A THIRD
The Post-Dispatch was at a task which has always delighted it: dogging the heels of 42-year-old Robert E. Hannegan, who fleet-footed his way from St. Louis ward politics to Postmaster General of the United States. By way of indicating that not all of Hannegan’s time and thinking was being devoted to running the Post Office Department, The Post-Dispatch told what it had “learned”:
@ That. Hannegan might become a part- ner in a St. Louis distributor’s agency for Willys-Overland Motors, Inc. Miles P. Dyer, politician and former Missouri State senator, was quoted: “If I take it [the agency] Hannegan will be associated with me but it hasn’t been decided yet.” @ That Hannegan, according to Earle A. Meyer, president of the B-1 (soda water) Beverage Co. of St. Louis, had obtained
the franchise to sell B-1 in greater New °
York. His partner was identified by Meyer as Toots Shor, the New York res- taurant owner, friend of Frank Sinatra and chum of Hannegan.
@ That Mrs. Hannegan (the former Irma Protzmann of St. Louis) was one of the principal stockholders in the St. Louis Finance Co., organized to finance auto- mobile purchases as soon as new cars become available. Authority for this in- formation was a St. Louis auto dealer, Frederick Riesmeyer, who said he, too, was a stockholder. The finance company has not started to do business.
For the Family: Having had its say for a full column, The Post-Dispatch hur- ried-a Washington correspondent to Han- negan, still getting settled in his new of- fices at the Post Office Department. Han- negan was as unruffled as a Supreme Court Justice. Sure, he had been seeking investments in an effort to make up the salary loss when he gave up his law prac- tice to take his $15,000-a-year job in the Cabinet. Hannegan explained:
‘ “T have a large and expensive family.* I gave up a large income from my law business, and this is the way I have sought to restore my income to the level to which my family is accustomed.”
But The Post-Dispatch’s facts, Hanne- gan said, were not exactly that. His wife had made an investment in the finance company. There had been only informal discussion of putting money into the
‘Willys-Overland agency, if it material-
izes; a Toots Shor partnership in the sale of B-1 would come after the war-(when
®Mrs, Hannes..n: Patricia, 14; Robert, 11; Wil- liam, 10; S25 ers
NEWSWEEK, JuLy 23, 1945
Toots: A postwar partner (maybe)
sugar is available for the soda), if ever.
By the week end, The Post-Dispatch had settled down to waiting until next time. And there’s always a next time where The Post-Dispatch and Hannegan are concerned,
Por
The Great OWI Desert
Omaha’s wrath knew no bounds. In America Illustrated, an Office of War
_ Information magazine explaining Amer-
ica in Russian to the Russians, the Ne- braska city found this so-called portrait of “prairie land”—its own state, Kansas,
Associated Press Photos Hamnegan: Investments needed
piety, (Fb A . af wi
TT IO
Home-made Oasis
N A SIZZLING summer day, you can make your terrace or porch a very pleasant oasis.
To accomplish this, merely serve tall, frosted Mint Juleps ...made with that smooth and distinctively different whiskey — Four Roses.
Four Roses is still the same great whiskey today as it was before the war. It’s a combination of specially distilled whiskies — selected to
achieve the magnificent flavor found only in Four Roses.
Free Recipe Book
To help you make Mint Juleps— and other mixed drinks—very much on the special side, we'll send you, free, the handsome new Four Roses recipe book. Write: Frankfort Dis- tillers Corporation, Dept. 40, 500 Fifth Avenue, New York 18, N.Y.
FOUR ROSES
The same great whiskey” today as before the war
e 7m e “ A blend of straight whiskies —-90
proof. Frankfort Distillers Core poration, New York.
g
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NEWSWEEK, JuLy 23, 1945
North and South Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Colorado, and Utah:
“The people are almost exclusively farmers. Livestock raising is carried on only in the mountainous parts of Mon- tana and Wyoming. Industry is almost nonexistent . . . The rich natural re- sources Of the region are as yet un- touched . . . It sometimes happens that a drought lasts for ten years ... The agronomists are working hard
‘to find new plants suitable for this
arid land.”
As blood pressures mounted in the Midwest, the Omaha Chamber. of Com- merce took direct action. It demanded that Elmer Davis, OWI chief, retract the picture of a “drought-stricken, pov- erty-ridden territory with little hope of economic salvation.” Obviously, the Ne- braskans snapped, ‘the article had been written by a ated of bureaucrats who had never been west of Washington.
We Rise to Object: The complaints called these items of regional pride to the attention of OWI writers: (1) The “arid” land was America’s breadbasket; (2) though there had been years of drought, this year there had been too much rain; (8) livestock raising was car- ried on almost everywhere in the area except the mountainous parts of Mon- tana and Wyoming; (4) as for natural resources, the Midwest had the largest gold and copper mines in the world; and (5) as for “nonexistent industry,” it had shipyards, plane plants, and a thriving. lumber trade, and, the final irony, an Omaha packing plant was one of four in the country supplying the Russians with their favorite Lend-Lease dish: tushonka (a canned pork and beef combination). .
Pe
Crime: It’s Worse The Federal Bureau of Investigation reported last week on the conduct of the nation’s wartime. stay-at-homes. It was bad—worse, said the wry FBI, than at any time in its busy history. During the 1945 fiscal year: (ended June 30) inves- tigations by G-men reached an_ all-time high of 18,813. The FBI's records showed: @ Bank-robbery convictions up to 53. € Interstate-commerce theft convictions up to 1,426, double the 668 of 1944. @ Thefts of government property up to 1,815 convictions compared with 1,143 in 1944; 634 in 1943. @ Frauds against the government up to 348 convictions with 235 in 1944. @ Frauds in servicemen’s allotments more than double last year’s figure (215 convictions in 1945; only 83 in 1944). But there was one bright
FBI reported it had 97,497,563 sets of fingerprints in its files, an increase of 7,454,366 during the year—an effective weapon in J. Edgar Hoover's war against crime among the stay-at-homes.
NATIONAL AFFAIRS 31
spot: The -
WASHINGTON TIDES
Assignment to Trouble
by ERNEST K. LINDLEY
In many ways Secretary of Labor Schwellenbach has the least enviable job in the new Cabinet. Labor strife is increasing. Even if it should subside temporarily, everything indicates that when the war ends it will flare up furiously on all sides. It should be Schwellenbach’s job to try to curb the turmoil and bring order out of it. No Secretary of Labor has had a surer prospect than his of serious trouble. Yet he has no tools with which to work. He does not even have any policies. For
“nearly all the government agencies which make or ad- minister labor policy lie out- side the . Department of Labor.
But President Truman did not appoint Schwellenbach to be a figurehead. Schwellenbach does not intend to be one. His mission is to revitalize the Labor Department and to assume the major responsibility for formulating-and administering the Ad- ministration’s labor policies. This is a challenging assignment. Its fulfillment will demand a mixture of refiection, circumspection, practical _ political skill, and outright courage.
Provided that his true situation and his mission are understood, it is, however, an advantage to Schwellen- bach to be able to sit on the sidelines awhile. If he were in the thick of the game he would not have time to sur- vey his problem as a whole. He would have to improvise. He would instantly become involved in controversies.
If Schwellenbach had entered the Department of Labor with a detailed set of preconceived ideas, good or bad, he might have been able to risk im- mediate embroilment in day-to-day difficulties. But he brought no specific program with him. For four and a half years he had been sitting on a Federal bench far away from the Capital.. He had never expected tg be Secretary of Labor. He needs time to study and think. He can get it by standing on the letter of his official impotence until he has made up his mind about his pro-
* gram. That is what he is trying to do. He has consulted with a good many people, including most of the impor- tant labor leaders, but he has refused to be drawn into the consideration of day-to-day problems which legally lie outside his hollow domain.
} Schwellenbach’s third task, which
may be of long duration, is to develop a program for further legislation. There is certain to be a strong popular demand for legislation along at least two lines: (1) peaceful settlement of industrial disputes and (2) regulation of unions and union practices.
Outside the railroad industry, there is not much Federal ma- chinery for handling labor disputes in peacetime. The National Labor Relations Board protects unions against certain unfair prac- tices by employers and de- termines, when necessary by election, who is to repre- sent employes in collective pengaining, The conciliation service of the Department of Labor is available to com- se disputes. Except in union circles,
ew people would contend that this
machinery is adequate.
Under Roosevelt, unionism became solidly established. It will not be dis- established after the war. But like every other institution which attains great power, it will be subjected to some form of governmental check. In what degree will depend largely on the extent to which the unions restrain and police themselves. There is al- ready, however, a strong current of public support for something like the Ball-Burton-Hatch Bill—for the defi- nition and outlawing of unfair prac- tices by unions as well as by employ- ers and for the more extensive use of conciliation, mediation; and _arbitra- tion. It will widen and deepen with every strike that. seriously incon- veniences the public.
Up to the present, the only re- action to such a proposal from union leadership has been more or less out- raged opposition. This is almost. cer- tain to be as ineffectual as was the op- position to the ame and security and exchange reforms of the early ’30s.
Schwellenbach can make the De- partment of Labor’ an undiscerning champion of the union viewpoint, which is what some union leaders ap- parently think it should be. Or he can be a discriminating friend, who will try to harmonize labor’s interests with those of the public and try to guide the legislation which is coming into sound channels. The second role is the one which Truman appointed him to fill, which he wants to fill, and which he is fitted to fill. fs
82 NATIONAL AFFAIRS
* - FROM THE CAPITAL *
Men Around Byrnes
When Edward R. Stettinius Jr. became Secretary of State he brought with him a carefully selected and impressive team of six assistant secretaries. When James F. Byrnes succeeded Stettinius he brought a team too, but such an ill-assorted and in- formal one that even its own members don’t quite know what their titles are or what positions they will play. The dif- ference in these two teams tells some- thing about the difference between the outgoing and incoming Secretaries—Stet- tinius, the methodical executive, an Byrnes, the improvising moderator.
Policy by Cohen: Top man on the Byrnes team is Benjamin V. Cohen, son of an Indiana junk dealer, once famous as the unseen member of the fabulous team of Corcoran and Cohen, now revered in Washington as a unique public servant— on the basis of selflessness. He was one of the few advisers who accompanied President Truman and Secretary Geer aboard the cruiser Augusta when they sailed for Germany. He is slated to be counselor of the State Department, a position which has remained vacant since the death of R. Walton Moore, friend and adviser to former Secretary Cordell Hull. Whatever title he finally gets, he is sure to be one of the men who for- mulates American foreign policy as long as Byrnes is responsible for it.
Middle-aged and bespectacled, an owl- ishly wise bachelor, Cohen came to the New Deal via Felix Frankfurter’s clear- ing house at Harvard Law School. He has held a number of government posi- tions, most of them having little connec- tion with his real duties as Roosevelt legislative draftsman in the early days of the New Deal and legalistic handyman _ to war agencies since Pearl Harbor. For a brief interval he served as adviser to Ambassador John G. Winant in England. His last position before going to the State Department was counsel to Byrnes’s Of- fice of War Mobilization and Reconver- sion. But he resigned that in protest against President Roosevelt’s failure to give him a State Department assignment, the one thing he had ever wanted for himself, when the Stettinius team was chosen. Recently he has been serving at OWMR without pay—a luxury he can afford because he made a small fortune in private practice before coming to Washington.
Just what Cohen’s influence will mean in terms of State Department policy can’t be foretold. He is inclined to. be sympa- thetic with the aspirations of the French to rebuild their empire. He favors a hard peace for Germany but not a vindictive peace or one that calls for indefinite sus- pension of German political life. Although tolerant of Soviet Russia, he-was-one of
the American experts who held out most stubbornly at~Dumbarton Oaks against the all-embracing veto provisions advo- cated by the Russians.
The Spartanburg Statesmen: Second to Cohen on the Byrnes team, and per- haps equally influential, is Donald Rus- Sell, a quick-witted lawyer from Spartan- burg, S.C. He will probably become a special assistant to Byrnes. Like Cohen, he is indifferent to titles and pay. Exten- sive business interests in South Carolina
~
oi
Byrnes’s aces: Cohen (seated) and Russell.
derive from his running start, after takin his law degree at the University of Sou Carolina and postgraduate training at the University of Michigan, as a junior mem- ber of Byrnes’s law firm.
Like Byrnes himself, Russell is hard to classify politically. While a good South- ern Democrat and active politician, his Dixie prejudices are not so deeply cher- ished that they color his thinking about world affairs. Some of his friends call him a conservative; some classify him as a liberal. He was one of the Old Guard Southerners who took New Dealism in stride. Since serving as a major in the Army, he has worked in the Office of Economic Stabilization and the OWMR with Byrnes and later with Fred M. Vin- son, Byrnes’s successor. His wife and three children now regard themselves as more or less permanent Washin dents but like to spend part of in Spartanburg.
Walter Brown, third of the Byrnes
m resi- eir time
‘men, is an old-time Washington political
Newstvamx; Jury 28, 1945
reporter who speaks journalese with a high-pitched Southern voice. Politics was his hobby long before it became his trade, As pqntehiornans for several South Caro- lina newspapers he was drawn to Bymes by respect for the senator’s political sagacity. Before that, Brown’s political mentor was the late Sen. Tom Watson of Georgia, formerly his father-in-law, an orator of the old bloody shirt-waving school. When Byrnes quit the Supreme, Court bench to take over the OES, Brown gave up his newspaper and radio work to act as Byrnes’s public-relations coun- selor and political hand.
Coming back to Washington with his second wife and son, after living for a time in Spartanburg, Brown was retum- ing to his natural habitat. He ran Byrnes’s unsuccessful campaign for the Vice Pres- idential nomination at Chicago in 1944 an affair kicked off at a $3,000 cocktail party in the Stevens Hotel. He also han- dled Byrnes’s backstage campaign for the State Department job. Jaen
Last of the team, but not least, is Miss Cassandra Connor, middle-aged confiden- tial secretary, who has been with Byrnes since 1925. linen no foreign expert and no higher-level policy adviser, “Cas- sie” Connor may well leave her imprint on American foreign policy somewhere
- along Byrnes’s way. She is a shrewd
judge of people and has no inhibitions about telling her boss, or the Frege in question, what she thinks of them. She may not take kindly to some of the State Department types. ;
PP
Self-Defense
A girl employe of the National Mari- time Union was among the: pickets in front of the War Shipping Administra- tion at the Commerce Department Build- ing. As she marched to and fro carrying a sign protesting the cut in war-risk bonus payments to seamen, a quiet man dressed in civvies came out of. the building, paused, and asked: “Why are you picket- ing Admiral Land? It’s not his fault. Why not picket Capitol Hill?” After he had left, the girl turned to a fellow picket and inquired: “Who was that gu
“That guy,” said the picket gleefully, “was Admiral Land.”
Pe
State Fiddles
The nervous indecision of State De- partment officials, in the absence of their new boss, has given rise. to this gag: “State fiddlés while Byrnes roams.”
Po
Tear Jerker
American fliers returning to the United States by way of Marrakech, Morocco, tell of the Arab be who has taken up his tion near U.S. airfield there. He has learned this pitiful appeal in Eng- lish: “No papa. No mama. No per diem.
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FIGHTING FRONTS °
Naval Bombardment of Jap Soil Warns Foe Final Blow Is Near
- Nimitz’s Biggest Battleships Boldly Add Weight to Air Fleets Blasting Out Invasion Path
The war in the Pacific entered the next to the last stage last week. The giant for- tren of Japan went under siege—both
from the air and the. seas. The empire, bereft of the spoils of all its island con- quests, was ringed in and the Allies tight- ened the ‘screws as never. before. Great fleets of B-29s hammered strategic tar- gets with furious intensity. Carrier planes of the world’s: greatest striking force brought the war to hitherto inaccessible recesses of the home islands. And for the first time since 1864, when British, Dutch, ve Ea gnet —— 7 —— station foreign-hating
sacred soil of Japan rocked to - aaghew
. cussion of enemy naval gunfire.
Contempt by Nimitz: On the mom- ine f Fay 14, a task force of Admiral Halsey’s Third Fleet com-
rock fa by Rear pases John F. Sha- Jr. sudden! ared off the coast
or Honshu Islan oo filed past the steel 275 miles north of
of. Kamaishi, tT At 11:51, the 16-inch rifles of the
Pacific battleline: Carsiets snd bettlechips take the warteJepan
battleships Massachusetts, Indiana, and South Dakota, and the 8- and 5-inch guns of the cruisers Chicago and Quincy and: ‘the destroyers Southerland, Heer- man, Erben, and Black opened up and their shells screamed down on Kamai- shi’s steel works and coke ovens.
The ships bombarded the city for a leisurely two hours without challenge from the land, sea, or air. They nosed in as close as 8 miles from the shore. The next morning another great surface task force commanded by Rear Admiral Oscar C. Badger and composed in part of the meptoutceioe. Iowa, Missouri, and Wisconsin, and the destroyers McGowan, Norman Scott, and Remey heavily — the port of Muroran, a big steel ci which lies on the southern coast of Hok- kaido, northernmost of the Japanese home islands. The Japs offered no resistance.
In a gesture of supreme contempt, miral Nimite ann mena of daniral Ge ate wad cote. manders while the attacks were still
under way. In an even more unprece-
dented reversal of Pacific fleet policy, he let his task forces. break radio sile
nce so
that ote peer could send runnin
accounts of the actions. It all meant thes the United States Navy knew the Japa- nese was vi y through as a
es oe
-_ Newswerx, , Jour 8, 1945
hy it point- informed Japan that American war-
ships had begun a phase of attack that
to invasion barrages. y had been paved for ‘the his- toric Pais sb by two great strikes of Vice Admiral John. S. McCain’s® fast carrier force of the Third Fleet. On July 10, McCain’s carriers, including the Es- ae to, appened of Tele. cal San acinto started a series of attacks that lasted from before dawn until dusk. More than 1,000 -fight- ers, torpedo planes, and dive bombers smothered the airfields on the Tokyo
plain. The Japs were taken by surprise.
Four days later the same task force ap- peared just as suddenly in the cold, foggv waters east of Hokkaido, _
Explains: In high, pitching Pape: an dirty weather, the t armada launched its planes for low- evel attacks on military installations on Northern Honshu and Southern Hokkaido. The at- tack continued into - second day. Pre- liminary oe put the carrier aid destroyed or damaged score. at 434 a, and 182 small sp oe vessels, includin six train ferries that plied between. ok. kaido and Honshu, in both strikes. They saw and shot down only three Japanese
t, - planes in the air. These were reconnais-
ooh wee ee
proved disappointing. Before tacks a flagship Pa oel “The presen pare this powerful
at American air
gutted b B20. athens in six of ; buildings still Teg vec of iy war factories lay
é een the Marianas nine:monthy ago now
into. strikes. of 600 planes.
‘mushroomed - Bomb tonnage of the raids ‘had. Seeaped . from 400 to. 4,000 tons, But the Allies
Many wounded
%
_ This makes their trip as comfortable as possible, but...
veterans going to general hospitals ...
There's the shift to the Pacific, too! .
The pictures of the wounded men above—taken en route by permission of the War Department—help ex- plain why the travel situation is more critical than ever. 5
But these pictures tell only part of the story.
In addition to the many’ sleeping cars Pullman is privileged to provide to transport American wounded to
‘hospitals,in this country, many more
cars are needed to carry out the great- est mass movement of troops in his-
tory. The need is increasing daily.
More than a million fighting men will cross America this year. Many thousands of them will travel in Pull- man comfort.. Many will make side- trips home on furlough, too, before going “on to Tokyo”’.
“sometimes makes it hard for others fo get Pullman space!
will probably be greater—for the next few months at least— than at any time since we have been at war!
If you have to take a trip—and should find it hard to get the Pullman space you want exactly when you want it— please remember that Pullman’s war job isn’t over, either!
© 1945, THE PULLMAN COMPANY
POUT UMGAW ics pie hs pees ws tr pienaer woe
36 FIGHTING FRONTS
Ss . ak
ie ‘age 79 seg ERI rece AB SO o a
iets — sates ocho
NEWSWEEK Map by James Cutter
The beleaguered empire’s greatest cities burn under the ever-increasing strategic bombing of the B-29s
installations, and chopped up shipping
trying to run the blockade. And on July 13 the commander of the Far Eastern Air Force, Gen. George C. Kenney, moved from the Philippines to Okinawa and took command of the Seventh in addition to the Fifth and Thirteenth Air Forces. The new Army tactical air commander an- nounced: “We will now attack Japan 24 hours a day.”
Japan: Phantom Feelers
The Japanese offered to give up their overseas conquests—lock, stock, and bar- rel. They would even withdraw from Manchuria—they were ready to sign on the dotted line. So went the rumors. But in Washington last week, Acting Secre- tary of State Joseph C. Grew bluntly told Americans the hard reality—the United
States Government has received absolute- ly no peace overtures from the Japanese Government.
Grew went further. He warned Ameri- cans to expect Jap peace feelers, but only as part of the enemy’s psychological warfare campaign to confuse and divide the Allies. “In no case,” hé said, “has this government been presented with a state- ment purporting to define the basis upon
ute- 1ese
eri- but ical vide this ate- pon
which the Japanese Government would be prepared to conclude. peace.” Grew added that any feelers put out in neutral countries “have invariably been inquiries as to our position”—the answer to which remained unconditional surrender.
Dad
The Gods Try
Before the saddle-roofed shrines of Ja- pan lay row after row of neatly paired wooden clogs. Inside, men and women knelt to ask the gods for a miracle. Seven centuries ago the Divine Wind had blown away the approathing fleet of the Mongol tyrant, Kubla Khan. Perhaps, with the American Fleet roaming dangerously near, the gods would cross the Floatin Bridge of Heaven once again to defen the homeland.
On June 8, as if in answer to the pray- ers, a violent wind gathered in the Philip-
ine Sea-and headed: north. Two days ter, the Navy revealed last week, it crescendoed into a 138-mile-an-hour gale and plowed directly through a great sree of Third Fleet warships east of the Ryukyus. The vessels pitched and rolled. Stinging sheets of rain reduced visibility to zero, cutting each ship off from its neighbor. Waves 100 feet high bolted over the decks, battering in steel plates.
Of all the ships, the hardest hit was
‘the year-old heavy cruiser Pittsburgh.
While Capt. John E. Gingrich watched the rising storm from his bridge, two mammoth waves suddenly heaved against the vessel. Before the eyes of the horri- fied crew, a 104-foot length of the bow snapped off and swept past the port side.. Fearful that it would smash into the side of the crippled ship, Gingrich ordered the cruiser turned at an angle. Meanwhile, below decks, with furniture
o
FIGHTING FRONTS 937
and loose equipment sliding wild!y across the floors, the men worked to brace sag- ging bulkheads.
Retovering a Suburb: At last, the typhoon blew itself out to sea. And five- sixths of the Pittsburgh (no man was lost) limped back to Guam at 8% knots for repairs. A week later, a tug steamed into Apra Harbor, towing the cruiser’s recovered prow—the missing sixth, which gained fame among the ship’s crew as a Pittsburgh suburb.
Altogether, the wind had damaged at least 21 warships, including three fast
battleships and two Essex-class carriers— a greater toll than the Japanese Navy had ever been able to score in a single en-
gagement. But somehow the g
s had
slipped. Only one American life was lost. All but the miraculously saved Pitts-
bur
had returned to action by last
week. At least four of the damaged ves-
WAR TIDES
: The most inten- . sive and. wide- + scale operations in the Pacific at the moment are carried on by air power. In the north, Japan. it- self is the main target. From To- kyo west, B-29s are giving the home __ islands much the same treatment the Reich got before the invasion of Europe. The ob- jective is strategic—to beat existing Jap air power into a position of comparative impotency while destroying aircraft factories and fuel supplies. In short, to reduce Jap aviation to the position of the Jap Fleet today. y At the same time, American air fleets are striking targets which contribute to Japan’s war-making ability in all ways. The sum total of these efforts is the studied attempt to reduce Jap resist- ance in terms of morale and matériel so that when invasion day comes, military occupation will cost fewer Allied lives.
Marianas have been able to stretch the range to the city of Sendai, 190 miles north of Tokyo. But this is rather more than the limit of continuous effort, and it leaves Northern Honshu and Hok- kaido beyond the practical working bombing range of land-based aircraft. However, when B-29s begin operating from Okinawa, they can cover all of
Thus far our B-29s based in the -
Honshu and the southern part of Hok- kaido. Admiral. Halsey’s catriers have joined the air campaign to supplement the work of the B-29s, even —
_ the attack to Northern Honshu an
Hokkaido. : Elsewhere throughout the entire Far East, Allied air power is stepping up the pace of attack to pave the way for the final operations, which must be military in character. Nowhere in the world is the need for air supremacy in every form greater than it is in the Far Eastern war. i
Recently Tokyo announced without American confirmation-that ships of the Ninth Fleet, stationed in the Aleutians under Vice Admiral Frank Jack Fletch- er, had attacked: Shikuka at the head of Taraika Bay. on. Karafuto, the Japanese part of Sakhalin Island. If this be true, it raises. the interesting speculation as to whether we were looking for a spot for an air base. A good air base in the Kuriles to. put Hokkaido and Northern Honshu under attack has always been desirable. But unfavorable terrain and climate, difficulties of supply, and ene- my opposition have all united to make the occupation of one of the Kuriles rather. impracticable.
However, there happens to be a stretch of slightly more than 28 miles on Kita Shiretoka Peninsula on the eastern
'side of Taraika Bay which is practically uninhabited and has sandy beaches and good water leading to them. There are not many hills (the highest is 674 feet). From there the distance to Tokyo is about the same as from Okinawa to the
Strategic Air Attacks Tighten the Noose on Tokyo
‘by Admiral WILLIAM V. PRATT, U.S.N., Ret.
Jap capital. On the other hand, winter storms and fog. supply, construction, and operational difficulties are as un- favorable as in the Kuriles. Such a base could be only temporary. Ultimately this area must pass to Russia. Probably the same amount of effort. could better be expended elsewhere.
Recently a Navy. communiqué stated that Army Thunderbolts: had made the first attack on the Goto Is- lands. This is interesting because: the Goto Islands have a higher strategic value than Amami O Shima, north of Okinawa. Fukaye, the southern island in the group, is about 14 by 14 miles. It has several fine sites for air strips. Tam- ano Ura, a long arm of the sea indent- ing the west coast for about 4 miles, is one of the best-protected anchorages to be found in the lesser islands sur- rounding Japan. In addition, Fukaye’s position is excellent. Slightly nearer the mouth of the Yangtze River than Oki- nawa, and considerably nearer the Shan- tung promontory, it lies about 53 miles from Nagasaki and 650 from Tokyo.
Another straw in the wind is a Brit- ish task force attack on the Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. There is the snug little anchorage at Nancowry Island in the group which is capable of holding some large ships. From Nan- cowry to Penang is about 496 miles; to Sabang off the northern tip of Sumatra, recently bombed by aircraft of the Brit- ish East Indies Fleet, it is 165 miles, Undoubtedly air strips exist or could be constructed in this general area.
4
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38 FIGHTING FRONTS
NEWSWEEK, JuLy 23, 1945
—————————————————_—_—_—————__—_—_;—;—~—=—&z{_£z£:£&<~—~O~E~i—=———z—~_———_———__—___———————————EEESE ee
What is the emperor to the Japa- nese people and what is he to the ruling clique? Maj. Compton Paken- ham, Newsweek contributing editor, analyzes this most complex of Japa- nese institutions in the sixth of a series of articles on the Japanese psychology.
“The emperor is Heaven-descended, divine, and sacred; he is preeminent above his subjects,” says the great work on Japanese government, Prince Hirobumi Ito’s “Kempo Gikai” or “Commentaries on the Constitution.”
“He must be reverenced and is in- violable. He has, indeed, to pay due respect to the law, but the law has no power to hold him accountable to it. Not only shall there be no irreverence to the emperor’s person, but also shall he not be made a topic of derogatory comment nor one of discussion.” That is all a Japanese needs to know. Most of them do not even know his personal name, Hirohito. Married couples have committed double suicide, leaving families, on discovering that inadvert- ently they have given the emperor’s name to their latest offspring. The em- peror’s subjects—his Omitakara (Great Personal Treasures) —are satisfied with the knowledge that historically he will bear the title he chose for his reign—ironically, Showa or Enlight- ened Peace. Otherwise the Japanese -call him Tenno Heika (His Imperial Majesty) or Tenshi (Son of Heav- en). The safest reference is Kinjo Heika (literally: Now Up, or Pres- ent Emperor).
The Sacred Person: If the Japs will not discuss their thoughts about the entperor, they reveal them in actions. Daily, particularly on festivals, wor- shippers perform their devotions at the imperial palace’s outer entrance, bowing at the grim walls and iron gates that protect him. When he ven- tures abroad by automobile or train, in daylight or dark, crowds gather as close to the route as the police allow and after hours of vigil greet him with
at silence and bowed heads, not
aring to view the object of their pil- grimage. When the emperor addressed a public gathering—in 1940 to cele- brate the 2,600 anniversary of his line —most of the audience were too over- awed to raise their eyes. Granted enormous wealth, armed with the Sacred Treasures (mirror, sword, and jewel, historic symbols of imperial rule), constitutionally clad in planet absolute power, and pedestaled in mystery, he is a focal point for the mass mind, lifting his attention over and above the machinery of government.
The Divine Dummy: How Jap Leaders Rule
The Think-Alikes: As the one who sanctions, promulgates, and executes laws, commands the army and navy, declares war, makes peace, and con- cludes treaties, the emperor is the dynamo from which all power flows, But a dynamo cannot generate with- out power behind it, and this comes from the oligarchy—constitutional and extra-constitutional groups—the Min- isters of the Imperial Household, the Privy Council, the Cabinet, ex-Prime Ministers, officers of the fighting forces with the privilege of iaku joso (direct
ccess to the throne). the Supreme War Council and, in time of war, Imperial Headquarters. ;
Considering the political color of these advisers, as with all things Japa- nese, one must scrap the familiar labels—dictator, fascist, warmonger, liberal, democrat, moderate. Funda- mentally all think as one. Whatever immediate detail may involve, pre- eminent in these minds are the cap- suled doctrines: Hakko Ichiu, the prog- ress of the imperial way, Japan’s hegemony over the world, the destiny of the Yamoto race. P
From Clan to Godhead: In these groups are only representatives of well-defined interests, each with its own reason for supporting a particular line of action. Easiest to identify are the soldiers and sailors on the active list, professional fighters with all to gain and, in the tradition of perpetual victory, nothing to lose. Administra- tive career men come next.
The representatives of big business —the Mitsui and Mitsubishi companies each controlled its great political party when these were permitted to exist— are generally strengthened by their other affiliations. For transparent rea- sons, they usually also control the smallest class, the professional poli- ticians who, when the Diet was in ses- sion, had a value there. A closed cor- poration, its parts working by compro- mise and each producing its own suc- cessors, the group around the throne has always been able to exclude any who do not belong to one of its com- ponent lodges.
It is the ancient clan and family system expanded to national propor-
tions. Japs are not trained to make de- .
cisions. The family council discusses everything for them and arrives at a compromise. So in the Japanese gov- ernment, various privileged interests,
with a minimum of regard for the)
elected representatives of the people, bargain among themselves and funnel their conclusions a divine dummy—a process which transforms their edicts into holy writ.
sels (the battleships Massachusetts and Indiana, the carrier San Jacinto, and the destroyer John Rodgers) had been patched up in time to take part in the carrier strikes against the Japanese home- land (see page 34).
Po
One Against Bushido
Fellow officers shook their heads pity. ingly as Marine Lt. Col. George J. Clark expounded his bizarre plan. Clark actual- ly thought he had a bloodless way to get a Jap garrison holding out on an island off Okinawa to surrender. “It just can’t happen with Japanese,” the others said. But Clark finally got a chance to see what he could do against the Bushido code. Last week the Navy told how the Ma- rine made out.
The Major Listens: On June 13 the psychological warfare campaign began. An amphibious duck equipped with loud- speakers churned around the island and boomed out surrender appeals. Then the Americans landed and continued their broadcasts from the beach. For six days they got no results. On the seventh, a Japanese sergeant walked out unarmed. He brought a message from the Japanese commander, Major Watanabe’® asking just what the Americans wanted. They told him. Back came word that Major Wata- nabe would make his decision only after talking to a captured classmate of his, Major Hirakatsu.
Hirakatsu had a knee wound, but on June 26 Clark brought him ashore, leg- cast and all, and a parley started under the suspicious eyes of Jap snipers and machine gunners. Watanabe, wearing full-dress uniform of winter wool, a chest- ful of medals, a pistol, and a Samurai sword, saluted smartly. Clark immediate- ly took off his gun holster. The Jap like- wise unbuckled his sword and gun, handed them to an orderly, and disdain fully motioned him away. Then he sat down by his wounded classmate. Hira- katsu. spoke with persuasion and heat. He seemed to be making progress.
The Lieutenant Weeps: At a lapse in the conversation, Clark suggested a recess for lunch and had food brought in from a nearby ship. The officers sat down to pork chops, sweet potatoes, and carrots. The Jap guards came down from the hills, accepted tinned rations, ‘and asked eagerly about treatment of = of war. Two Navy lieutenants later visited the Japanese major’s command post.
Watanabe outdid himself in courtesy. When he saw the Americans’ sweat- stained shirts, he ordered an orderly to wash them and took off his own shirt in order not to cause embarrassment. He ac- cepted a piece of American invasion cur- rency as a souvenir, amiably signed short- snorter bills, and agreed to give an an-
*For protection of the Japs, the Navy gave them names. 2
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40 FIGHTING FRONTS |
swer to the surrender offer next day. But when the Americans came again,
Major Watanabe did not show up. He .
was afraid, an aide, Lieutenant Shige- mitsu said, to listen to his own desires and violate the Bushido code by surren- dering without imperial permission. But he promised that his men would not fire on American planes and sent word that the Americans were ‘ree to picnic, bathe, and collect sea shelis un the island beach without being fired on. The final parting of the American and Jap groups made an incredible scene: All knelt side by side on the white coral sand as a chaplain offered up a prayer for peace and good will. Lieutenant Shigemitsu broke into tears and with double handclasps . bade his enemy farewell. :
Per
Back to Water Proof
In China, the name of Maj. Gen. Claire L. Chennault became legend. For eight years he had helped the Chinese beat the Japs in the air—first as an ad- viser to Chiang Kai-shek, then as or- ganizer of the American Volunteer Group, the Flying Tigers, and finally as commander of the American Fourteenth Air Force. From December of 1941 when a handful of Tigers had helped keep the Burma Road open, one of his greatest talents had been knowing how to fight patiently on a shoestring (Chen- nault always managed to keep his obso- lete planes flying). Last week, his pa- tience wore out. He resigned.
Formally, the move was explained. as a retirement for physical disability. But it was'no secret to Chennault’s men that the veteran Fourteenth no longer rated as the main air unit in China.
The Sad Farewell: Other American outfits from India and Burma were steadily being shifted to China, eating into the already meager supplies flown over “the Hump” to the Fourteenth. The reorganizations called for a new frame- work of command, topped by Lt. Gen. George E. Stratemeyer, with whom Chennault had long disagreed.
When Stratemeyer first came to the CBI theater 23 months ago, Chennault persuaded Chiang to have President Roosevelt exclude the Fourteenth from the higher ranking general’s command. Chennault thus remained more or less in- dependent. But he could do little or noth- ing about getting more bombs or fuel for his worn-out planes. Finally, as the su ply situation went from bad to worse, the Fourteenth was virtually grounded. For the past ten weeks, it has flown no big peel os missions. Chennault called in cor- respondents and quietly announced ‘his plans to give up his commission and re- Sedlly; he pecked up at bie tparely fur Sadly, he pa up at hi: - nished headquarters in Kunming and told his Chinese fri with you at the end.” <
ends: “I regret I cannét be
NEWSWEEK, JuLy 23, 1945
International Chennault walks out F
SHAEF: 1944-1945
The sentimental American newspaper- man clinked down his glass ona Paris bar. Outside, shouting Frenchmen danced in the streets on Bastille Day, July 14. “Look at them,” he murmured disgusted- ly. “Celebrating at the very moment SHAEF breathes its last. You'd think it was a national holiday or something.”
Many an Allied officer and correspond- ent felt a similar twinge as Supreme Headquarters of the Allied: Expedition- ary Force disbanded after seventeen months and one day. General of the Army Eisenhower saluted his Allied forces in a last order of the day: “No praise is too high for the manner in which you have surmounted every obstacle.” The biggest and smoothest combined com- mand in history, welded by his genius, from personnel of ten nationalities, then split apart.
Few outward signs showed at first that SHAEF was dead. Frankfurt became headquarters of the new USFET—United States Forces in the European Theater— commanded by Eisenhower. But many British and French officers stayed on for liaison. In Paris, Allied officers. still wore the flaming sword shoulder patch of SHAEF. Allied service clubs still bulged with polyglot customers. And SHAEF left a ghost: CALA, the Combined Ad- ministrative Liquidating Agency, which has the laborious task of copying and
_micro-filming thousands of SHAEF docu-
ments for each participating country.
OME are headed home for good—but
millions more will stay only briefly before they go on to finish the job in the Pacific. a
These fighters are now on the move—and .
this is the No. 1 reason why trains are so
crowded these days.
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“The transportation job in the first phase of the war has often been called a ‘miracle.’ The job ahead of us is even bigger.
“It is important that the public understand the situation and at once lend full cooperation
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— PRESIDENT TRUMAN
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Big Three Face the Biggest Task: Insuring Peace Through Unity
Problems of Europe at Top but Russian Role in the Pacific Also on Conference Agenda
The puzzle pieces of Europe were laid out this week on the dark red cloth of a table in a Potsdam palace built for the kaisers. They were laid out for three men to pick over; to try to make them fit into part of a master puzzle called The World. Two of the men were old hands at power politics. They had met before with re- spect—if not affection. The third was a stranger to international diplomacy. Never before had three such divergent personalities been charged with such gi- age problems. As the time approached or their meeting, the world received news of each of the three that typified the man and his methods.
Atlantic Cruise:. Harry S. Truman peeled off his coat, cocked’ his brown tweed cap at a jaunty angle, and scram-
Truman and Churchill arrive to join Stalin and set the’ course for the world
bled from the boiler room to the top con- trol tower of the cruiser Augusta, en route from Newport News, Va., to Ant- werp, Belgium. He ate lunch with the crew and looked up a third cousin from Kentucky below decks. In a white sailor cap, he turned out for a lifeboat drill, played shuffleboard, watched. gunnery practice, and went to the ship’s movies. Tanned and relaxed, he had a good time. But he also worked hard.
Before meeting with the two old hands, the President of the United States continued the grueling studies he had begun three months before. Hour after hour, in his Flag Admiral’s suite, he boned ‘up with his Secretary of State, James F. Byrnes, and his Chief of Staff, Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy. By radio, he exchanged messages with the White House, SHAEF, American embas- sies in Europe, and advance American delegation units in Potsdam. Intent and confident, he listened to advice, mem- orized facts, and made up his mind on the issues ahead.
. °° Newsweex, Jury 28, 1945
Hendaye Holiday: On “Lovers’ Wali ida, any cw pink- yellow- s ut- tered Chateau Bordaberry, - Winston Churchill puffed a cigar and painted a new water color. He had a rich choice > ged peak of the Spnieh Fouencons the ru ; the
id - beach dotted with multi-colored parasols and ice-cream carts; the deep- green waters of the Bay of Biscay.
Super-statesman, a political veteran of two wars and two Big. Three meetings, Churchill was on a holiday. Whatever hi doubts about the election he had just fought at home, Britain’s chief delegate was sure of his foreign policy. He was the complete, selecer diplomat on the
eve of his most important assignment.
Moscow Silence: The world had nev- er received homey details of Jaseph Stal- in’s daily doings, and it learned none last week. But it did know that the man in the Kremlin held the keys to the meeting at Potsdam, and its consequences to the new peace. Certainly no other of the Big Three knew with such \certainty what he wanted and How he was going to get it. Stalin might be drinking wine or studying economics in his walled home residence. But the his preparations. for Potsdam;came in a Moscow communiqué. .
It announced that T. V. Soong, Chi- nese Premier and Foreign Minister, had left for Chungking after a fortnight of “conversations conducted in a friendly atmosphere” with “broad mutual under- standing.” Soong was due to return when the Potsdam conference ended for fur-
ther conversations.
Mines, MP’s, and Caviar: As at the two previous Big Three meetings, securi- ty Bon soins were elaborate, accom- modations luxurious, and food bountiful.
A belt of mines encircled the palace in Potsdam, and tanks and were stationed in the wooded hills sloping down to the Havel River. A. green and white barrier blocked the road to the sealed area and at 50-yard intervals in the streéts within it stood green-capped Red Army guards in dark dress uni- form, armed with tommy s and re- inforced. with American and British sol- diers. White-gloved Russian‘ policewom- en, waving red and orange flags, direct- ed traffic.
More than 100 buildings were ready for the visitors. At conference headquar- ters, each of the Big Three had a private suite (sitting room, dining room, bed- room, and bath) and a consulting room. The main conference room is a spacious oak-paneled hall decorated in dark red, black and gold, its somberness relieved only by two enormous chandeliers light- ing the round conference table. In the huge dining room, the, Russian hosts had touched up a painting, substituting a large shining star fora dark.cloud over a ship. Stalin’s villa was nearby, Tru-
y. official word of .
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44 _ Newsweex
man’s and Churchill's a few miles away.
Trucks and planes brought food sup- plies to a heavily guarded warehouse: Maryland turkeys, Long Island chickens, Virginia hams, Wisconsin cheeses, and coffee contributed by the United States; English tea, roast beef, Scotch, and Irish whiskies; Russian vodka and caviar; French wines, cognac, and champagne; Norwegian fish; Danish eggs and butter; berries and ‘fresh milk from German farms.
Occupation and Peace: Truman and Churchill flew into a Berlin airport on July 15. Stalin was behind schedule and the conference was postponed until July 17. The Allied military staffs assembled. Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden and Clement A. Attlee, leader of the British Labor party, flew in from Britain. Foreign Commissar Vyacheslaff M. Molotoff ac- companied Stalin. Of the 100-man Ameri- can delegation, some 30 were State De- periment experts on Europe and the Far
ast.
The meeting will adjourn on. July 25 when the British delegation expects to fly back to London for election results. Dur- ing a week-long intermission, President Truman plans a visit to Italy; and Stalin may look over the Red Army in Ger- many. After the pause, if Labor wins the British election, Attlee will replace Churchill as chief British delegate. When the conference ends, Mr. Truman may make a state visit to Britain, although he is determined to return home for any- thing important.
e over-all goal of the Big Three— and especially the British and the Ameri- cans—is to break down the barrier be- tween Eastern and Western Europe and establish a joint Allied policy for the fu- ture. Their first specific job was to agree on a policy of occupation for Germany, which President Truman hoped to re- solve by Directive 1067—an American short-term emergency plan and _long- term occupation program.
Three Faces East: None of the three countries involved suggested that the war with Japan was on the agefida but the Russo-Chinese negotiations and the pres- ence of Allied military staffs and of State Department Far Eastern experts pointed only to one thing: discussion of Russia’s role in the Far East.
Other issues: War criminals repara- tions, Europe’s coal supply and general economy, and the future of the govern- ments of Austria (which Britain and the United States do not yet recognize), Greece (which the Russians do not favor) and perhaps even Spain (which the Rus- sians abhor). Peace terms for Italy might be considered, and some Anglo-American decision reached on recognition of Rus- sia’s annexation of the Baltic republics and part of Finland. There were, finally, at least 30 territorial disputes in Eu- rope alone.
In Germany itself, the future of the
a ee ee
ees,
Jury 28, 1945 ee 45
Saar, the -Ruhr, the Sudetenland, and Schleswig-Holstein were unsettled. (Even more pressing: Would Germans be fed?) Belgium demanded the return of German-annexed Eupen-Malmédy and France wanted part of the Italian Ri- viera. Czechoslovakia and Poland quar- reled over Teschen. Yugoslavia still clam- ored for Trieste and part of Venezia Giulia from Italy, the Banat from Hun- gary, and Klagenfurt from Austria. There was hardly a Balkan country which did not want part of its neighbors’ territory. Russia’s demands on Turkey for a new treaty and bases on the Dardanelles were still pending. So were the withdrawal of Allied trpops in Iran and international control of Tangier. The peace conference still lay ahead, but the decisions had to be made now.
Associated Press Anders refuses to go home
Bitter Enders
Thoroughly angry, Gen. Wladyslaw Anders- addressed his 50,000-man Polish Second-Corps in Italy last week. “All our basic rights as a nation are being wiped out,” he stormed. Homebound soldiers would “go not to Poland but to Russia, not to a free life but to. captivity.” They could only count on “work in Soviet con- centration camps.” Ex
Thus, on the eve of high international consultation, did Anders and other bitter- end Poles demonstrate the difficulties in- herent in Big Three “solution” of historic European problems. The United States and Britain had recognized the Provision- al Government of Poland (see page 51) after Moscow had at last permitted its reorganization under the formula.r at Yalta; Warsaw had urged the long
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46 INTERNATION
* Si &. International
Star-Spangled Schwabisch: On July 4, American troops in the German city of Schwabisch-Gmiind lined up for the holiday parade as the band played “The Star-Spangled Banner.” Young Germans listened curiously to the conqueror’s na- tional anthem; their elders respectfully took off their hats and stood at sharp attention.
. exiled troops to come home. Now Anders and his colleagues, still loyal to their de- funct émigré government in London, promised not to interfere if their follow- ers wanted to go home. But they thun- dered against it. Maj. Gen. Klemens Rud- nicki, commander of the Polish First Armored Division in occupied Germany,
ledged allegiance to President Wladys- ce Raczkiewicz of the exiled regime. Then he threatened: “We shall return to Poland—but only with arms in hand.”
In Scotland, the Polish Army arrested a London-bound captain who wanted to confer with representatives of Warsaw about going back to Poland. Two days later, after Warsaw protests and British investigation, they let him leave. London Poles said crewmen aboard Poland’s 39 merchant ships wanted to serve the Al- lies against Japan, with which the War- saw government is not at war. They claimed nine vessels had already steamed to British ports, under their orders.
Meantime, twelve of the 30-odd Lon- don leaders of the Polish Socialist party signed a statement recognizing the War- saw regime.’ Four Polish generals retired by the old London government for dis- loyalty appealed to soldiers “to fulfill their patriotic duty and return to Po- land.”
Pon
No Free Lunch?
Col. Frank Howley, American military governor in Berlin, gave a cocktail p last week for more than 100 Allied offi- cers. The Americans, British, and French faded away as dinnertime approached.
e
The Russians stayed on, cheerfully wait- ing for food. Finally, when an interpreter explained that the party was over, Col. Gen. Alexander V. Gorbatoff blinked at the odd American custom of unaccom- panied liquid refreshment, accepted it
amiably, shook hands all around, and
went home. That social incident illus- trated the plaguing misunderstandings that held up the four-power administra- tion of Berlin for more than a week.
Who's in Charge? On July 5 the Americans entered six southern districts in Berlin, the British six in the north. Courteously but firmly, the Red Army told them that the two-month-old Rus- sian administration of the city stood un- changed.
Bewildered Anglo-American military government officers, attempting to take control, could do little more than adopt some of the established regulations for civilians—among them the Russian sys- tem of paying laborers with two meals a day, instead of one meal and cash. Red Army administrators replied to inquiries that they had received no orders to with- draw. As usual, disagreement at a higher level had held up the coordinated ad- ministration of Berlin.
Some 1,100,000 civilians lived in the Russian-controlled area, about 900,000 in the British, and 750,000 in the American. The western Allies, cut off from their
zones of occupation in Western Ger- ©
many, assumed that all Berliners would continue to be fed from the Russian- controlled farmlands around the capital.
The administration of Berlin was fur- ther complicated by the divergent policies
NEWSWEEK, JULY 23, 1945
ie een
of its conquerors. The Russians permitted schools, cabarets, political parties, and fraternization in their area; their Allies wanted a much slower return to normal German life, though last week they lifted their fraternization ban (see page 53). Recognizing that they could not tum back the clock, the British and Americans agreed to make an exception of Berlin and reached temporary agreement with the Russians.
The Four-Headed Mayor: The Al- lied Control Council announced a new government for the capital: the Kom- mandantur. Made up of the four Allied military commandants—Gorbatoff, Amer- ican Maj. Gen. Floyd L. Parks, Brit- ish Maj. Gen. L. O. Lyne, and French Maj. Gen. Geoffroi de Beauchesne (who was still waiting for the demarcation of the French area), the Kommandantur held its first meeting July 11. Operating under the Control Council, it proposed to unify Berlin’s administration. Its first chief was Gorbatoff; the other comman- dants would serve in rotation every 15 days, issuing their orders in English, Russian, French,, and German. Simul- taneously, the Allies declared, they had made a temporary arrangement to feed the capital, presumably through the ex- change of food and goods between the different Allied zones.
oor
Franco Freedom
On July 18, 1986, Gen. Francisco Franco flew from the Canary IMands to Spanish Morocco to lead his favorite
. Moorish troops into battle against the
Spanish Republic. Last week, on the eve of celebrating his Falangist party’s favorite holiday, Generalissimo Franco brooded unhappily in the Palace of El Pardo near Madrid. In almost continu- ous session with his Cabinet, he struggled for a way out of an opportunist’s dilem- ma: How to make his government more palatable to the western democracies without submitting his own resignation.
Since spring, a powerful Cabinet group had urged the Caudillo to swing away from Fascism and toward the de- mocracies by declaring Spain a mon- archy, temporarily without a king. The San Francisco resolution specifically barring Franco Spain from United Na- tions membership gave backing to their arguments. Last week the reluctant Cau- dillo took the first step.
He dropped José Luis Arrese, Secre- tary General of the Falange party, from his Cabinet. Then he had his hand- picked Cortes (Parliament) pass the so- called Spanish Bill of Rights (Fuero de los Espajioles), The bill, described as the Spanish Magna Charta, proclaims the fundamental freedoms of the Spanish people, with certain all-inclusive reser- vations—among them any action against the Generalissimo, the Catholic Church, or the “unity of the nation.”
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NewsweEEK, Jury 23, 1945
e FOREIGN AFFAIRS °
Russians Pull Out, Poles Move In to Build Again on Ruins of War
Recognition of Warsaw Regime Eases Internal Tension and Helps Speed Job of Reconstruction
Little authentic news has come from Poland since the Russians rolled into that often-partitioned country. Before the creation of the Provisional Government of National Unity three weeks ago, the Warsaw Poles and the London Poles hurled charges and _ countercharges against each other which only succeeded in blackening an already clouded pic- ture. NEWswEEK’s Moscow correspond- ent has just completed a two-week tour of Poland, where he found wide support of the new government. From Warsaw he sends this story,
The Red Army is moving out of Po- land. Its vehicles stream eastward by the thousands. There are still Russian com- mandants west of Cracow but their
chief task is to deal with troop move- ~
ments. According to Premier Edward Osubka-Morawski, the Reds will have left Poland proper in about two months. Obviously, however; they will still use and to some extent control certain com- munications which lead across Polish ter- ritory into Germany. Moreover, the Rus- sians do not intend to hand over com-
pletely to the Poles the German territory ©
in the west until the peace conference formally incorporates it into Poland. But Poland has every assurance that it will be independent.
The State Takes Over: In the wake of war, Poland is a rich country with magnificent possibilities and tremendous problems (see Raymond Moley’s Per- spective, page 96). True, the devastation caused by the war and nearly six years of German occupation is considerably greater than one would have expected and this devastation isn’t only material. The Germans, in one way or another, killed some 6,000,000 Polish citizens, half of them Jews. On the other hand, Poland’s astonishing vitality is speeding its recovery from the aftereffects of the German occupation and from that men- tal confusion which inevitably existed
‘among large segments of the population
as a result of the co-existence of the two
governments. Poles in every walk of life express re- alles Vice Premier Stanislaw Miko- former Premier. of the govern-
ment-in-exile, didn’t form a national gov- ernment with the Russian-sponsored Poles when he first had the opportunity to do so two years ago. This, they say, prolonged the period of uncertainty and the position of international “lopsided- ness” in which Poland continued to live, though there was no recognition of the Warsaw government by Britain and the United States. That, more than anything else,-caused inner tension in the country. Now that recognition has finally come, the wish expressed on many sides is that Britain accept wholeheartedly the new Po- land and not try to keep up the illusion that there is a fourth- dimension “another Po- land” somewhere else.
Everybody—even the most oppositionist ele- ments—agree that the old Poland has gone. The upper and middle classes have lost all their capital and as a result all prob- lems of capital invest- ment and management of large-scale industry have inevitably fallen into the hands of the state. The state must solve other immense problems. The most im- portant are the recon- struction of cities, trans- portation, and the re- patriation of Polish citi- © zens from abroad. These potential repatriates run into several million. The government has appealed to them to come back.
On Short Rations: The Provisional Govern- ment of National Unity is generally accepted as the only possible one under present conditions. Its greatest and most ac- tive support comes from the working class and the trade unions, whose membership is expected shortly to rise from 800,000 to 1,500,000. Proportion- ately, the unions are making the big- gest active contribution to the recon- struction and the government’s success. As Jan Stanczyk, Minister of Labor, said to me: “They are having a difficult time and are working on their enthusiasm rather than on stomachs.” He added that filling people’s stomachs is one of
51
the most urgent tasks of the new gov- ernment. ,
The government also has support from a large part of the Polish peasantry. The peasants have gained, in the long run, from land reform, though they are faced with many material difficulties at the present time, principally a° grave shortage of agricultural machinery and livestock. The army, filled with national pride at the prominent part it played in smashing Germany, likewise favors the compromise government. This feel- ing of pride, combined with immense satisfaction at contemplating the enor- mous sea coast Poland has acquired on the Baltic in place of the puny Gdynia corridor, extends to those rank and file Home (resistance) Army elemenis which have enlisted in the Polish Army.
The Drones Whisper: Another part of the peasantry has a wait and see attitude. The reconstruction effort required by the country is so immense that what the gov- ernment has done in the last few months, -
Associated Press
Homeward by boxcar, exiles return to a new Poland
though substantial, is still small in com- parison with what remains to be done. The shortage of consumer goods and live- stock is the peasants’ chief concern. This absence of consumer goods also has an adverse effect on the food situa- tion in the towns. Premier Osubka- Morawski considers it a very healthy sign that even now, during the most difficult pre-harvest period, food prices in the
52 FOREIGN AFFAIRS
-open market (though still very ‘high) have declined in recent weeks.
Politically, Mikolajézyk’s entry into the government enlisted wide support from the peasants, with whom he is unques- tionably popular. An astonishing demon- stration of this took place against the tragic background of Warsaw’s ruins on July 1. The four party organizations sup- porting the government marched past a reviewing stand and the peasants gave a special ovation to Mikolajczyk. Since then, the Vice Premier has been convinced that Poland is on the right road and is confident of his meet Ae great future.
What is left of the Polish middle class, with the exception of ‘the progressive part of the intelligentsia, is the least en- thusiastic .about the government. The middle class suffered from the German occupation more than the workers- and peasants did. With the destruction of all solid bases for an economic existence, a large part was reduced to living on its wits.
While living conditions remain diffi- cult and the cost of living is far out of line with workers’ poor pay, there is a stratum of the population which con- tinues to live much as it did under the Germans—with a tendency to take the line of least resistance. These le have lost the habit of regular work and are somewhat slow in acquiring it. They, more than anyone else, are indulging in whispering campaigns against the govern- ment and particularly against the. pres- ence of Russians in Poland.
os! Newsweek
Poorer and Wiser, Britain Adds Up War’s Cost in Goods and Prestige
Harry Kern,’ NEWSWEEK foreign and
war editor now on a tour of Europe,: sends this story of Britain’s position after
the end of the German war.
Dusk creeps over London between 10 and 11 these long summer evenings. Then Big Ben lights up above the Houses of Parliament—a sign that peace has returned to Britain. But the glow of Big Ben is dim in the soft English air. And as a symbol of peace it is dim too, for Britain has another war to be fought in the Far East and the price of victory in Europe has yet to be paid.
That price is written across the face of
Britain. The crowds that spill over into-
the street in Piccadilly and the Strand reflect the extreme housing crisis that reaches from Claridges to the blitzed East End. Ships that clutter the great docks in the bends of the Thames under- line the fact that Britain is now a debtor nation and can pay for vital imports with exports and with nothing else. The slow- down strike of stevedores that makes the winches in the docks grind slowly illus- trates the impending industrial crisis. Finally, the government uneasily awaits election results. The word “caretaker” is well chosen for it. For no matter which side wins the election, Britain is going
Turnabout in Dutch: In the Southern Holland concentration camp of Vught, some 7,000 collaborationists and Dutch Waffen SS members are imprisoned where the Germans held captured Dutch underground fighters. Clad in the prison suits worn by their preliberation predecessors, they await final trial, clearing land mines and booby traps, living on minimum civilian rations. Here a freed Dutch soldier puts a Waffen SS man who once stood guard over him at Vught through push-ups.
sto have essentially a caretaker regime—a
government to bring it through ‘the tran- sition between war and peace.
Queues that line up for everything from fish to buses tell why this is going to be a long and difficult transition period. There is much more slack to be taken up than after the last war. The air of prosperous imperialism that once radiated from the busy traffic of Trafalgar Square and the majestic ‘stretch of the Mall has all but vanished. Couples dress for dinner in West End hotels and restaurants once more, but the income garnered from the corners of the earth that made London the most expensive of world’s capitals has been dried up by war.
Export or Die: Scotch and soda in a fashionable bar may cost $1.25 or more. But, except for such luxuries, prices and the supply of goods are rigidly regulated. Furthermore, rationing works because a small, compact Britain is easier to ad- minister than the United States and be- cause the consumer has been tied to par- ticular retailers. Rationing and other con- trols will remain in ‘force for probably
‘as many as five years. All political par-
ties, whatever their electioneering prom- ises, admit this.
The controls will have to remain be- cause pent-up demands: for goods and services cannot possibly be satisfied. But they will have to remain also because Britain must export or die. Priority will not be given the home market when such things as radios are again in mass manv- facture. Instead, a certain percentage will be set aside for export. London cal- culates it must double its prewar exports
in order to put its trade ‘on a. balanced
basis. It hopes for cooperation from the United States. Otherwise it is going to use its debts as Dr. Hjalmar Schacht used German debts—as a lever to force other countries to trade with it. Thus competi- tion from Britain will be tough, because it plans accepting voluntary reduction of the standard of living for years in order to export.
The Needless Bogey: There is, a sil- yer lining to the cloud, however. Britain can write off unemployment as a prob- lem for the next few years to come. For example, large numbers may be tem-
orarily thrown out of. work in aircraft actories. But they, will soon be reab- sorbed. The big need is and will remain labor—labor to build millions of new houses, repair war-worn factories and railways, and_ staff’ reconverted._ indus- tries. Yet unemployment remains a bogey in the public mind. Long years of the dole have left a deep mark on the na- tional consciousness.
Fear of unemployment. plays a large part in the present unrest in the; ranks
a sil- ritain prob- . For tem- rcraft reab- main new and ndus- ogey f the e na-
large ranks
Jury 28, 1945.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS 58
er rrr
of labor. Labor is drifting to the political
deft. Communists stand ready to take the
utmost advantage of this. In fact, the growth of the Communist party repre- sents one of the most vital movements of English politics today.
The Reds’ increased strength does not
fully appear at elections. Where it does —
show, however, is in increased Communist control of labor unions. The Communists have wormed their way into positions such as shop stewards and have concentrated on organizing such vital industries as transportation. Furthermore, the Reds operate under leadership of enthusiastic and tough men. The most im- portant Communist is not the nominal leader, Harry Pollitt, but William Rust, the editor of The Daily Worker.
What the Tory Thinks: © Nonetheless, Conservatives are not unduly worried over the rise of the Communists. Here is a picture of future developments as they see it: ;
First, the Communists will succeed in a long campaign to join the Labor party (they near- ly succeeded at the last Labor party conference). Next, they will attempt to drive present Labor leaders further and fur- ther to the left, probably accus- ing them of being more Tory than the Tories. Finally, the Labor party will split wide open with Communists heading the. revolutionary wing.
' The British accept Russian hegemony in Europe with fatal- ism. Furthermore, they often seem to ex- pect a Russianized Europe as inevitable. Sentiment for the Soviet has cooled noticeably. The British now frankly ad- mit for the most part that they cannot measure up to the- power of their two great Allies, the United States and Rus- sia. It is a hard admission for the onetime world’s greatest empire to make, but it is a part of a new and wiser Britain.
oo
A Good Slug of Binge
Startled correspondents used to won- der about the sign splashed over the wall of Field Marshal Sir Bernard L. Mont- gomery’s headquarters: “Are you 100 per cent full of binge?” But to-Monty, who hates liquor like poison, the word “binge” simply meant “pep.” Last week, in New- port, England, the Town Council solemn- ly debated with just what kind of binge to celebrate when Montgomery accepts, the freedom of the city later this month.
Mayor G. W. Armstead, mindful of Montgomery’s horror when Russian of- ficers pressed toasts upon him in Frank- furt last month. (NEwsw:FK, June 25), bravely proposed thai ue iownspeople
et along. on lemonade and orangeade uring the great day. The council,
shocked by this light regard for freemen’s rights, overruled him with dispatch. Meanwhile, Monty arrived in Berlin after recovering from a week's attack of ton- sillitis without an old British remedy —a good slug of rum and lemon juice.
Mrs. Mussolini Speaks Behind the barbed wire of the Terni
internment’ camp in Italy last week, a -
pale, middle-aged hospital cook talked of love and death. Sometimes she screamed with rage; occasionally, in frus- tration, she pounded her fists on the table. Between screams, Donna Rachele
‘Mussolini, a simple peasant woman who
for 36 hectic years lived in almost com- plete obscurity as Il Duce’s wife, spilled out her sad tale to Ann Stringer of the United Press. Excerpts:
@ “Mussolini’—she never called him Benito—became her common law hus- band in 1909. They planned to go to the United States and raise a family, but he changed his mind. “He felt himself too powerful, and his friends persuaded him to betray the workers. But his sympa- thies were always with the working class.” @ Clara Petacci, Mussolini’s pretty mis- tress who died with him, was the only one around him who really had anything
.to do with the Germans. “They’ve done
well to hang her . . . Mussolini never had anything to do with women [or] let them have any influence over him. That was propaganda. Just to ruin him.”
Associated Press Rachele (in Fascist days) stood up for Mussolini
@ “Everybody” is to blame for Musso- lini’s signing the Axis pact—everybody from Marshal Pietro Badoglio up to the king. “They all blame Mussolini . . . while Badoglio’s mistress lives in Switz- erland with millions of dollars.” @ Her future plans: “I have started to write a book, a story of my life and his life.” She might ‘he her young- er children—Romano, 18, and Anna Maria, 16—to the United States and give lectures and in- terviews. She “would very much like” to’ bring her children up as Americans.
s anal
If You Can't Be Good
The bottom suddenly dropped out of the German market in wolf howls and yoo-hoo whistles last week. Allied soldiers and luscious frauleins could stroll to- gether through elm-shaded streets—and look stern MP’s in the eye without fear of a fine. General of the Army Eisenhower and Field Marshal Montgomery relaxed. the ban on fraterniza- tion with German adults.
Hundreds of soldiers who had met German girls secretly began to walk and talk with them in allowable “public places.” But one private predicted GI’s would . see friuleins less often: “Lots. of fellows did it just for the hell of it.” German girls exulted. A charmer named Hilda. winked at
' T/Sgt. George Hahn of Phila- delphia. “Das ist gut, fraterniza- tion,” she sighed. “Hilda better get that Statue of Liberty look
out of her eyes,” Hahn whispered. “I’ve got a girl at home I’m going back to,” Soldiers still could not visit German homes or entertain Germans in their own quarters. They presumably could not dance, play games, or drink with Ger- mans. But with a tantalizing situation eased, high officers wondered what would happen to venereal disease rates. The
British Army’s had already doubled since
the Rhine crossing. American venereal disease in Germany jumped from 77 new
cases in the week ending April 20 to 957
new ones in the week ending May 25.
ro
France: Pick and Choose
Last winter no Frenchman claimed that the Provisional Government of Gen. Charles de Gaulle was based on the le- gality the French cherish. ,But few .saw any alternative to the strong-willed man who guided France through the ecstasy of liberation, the later economic misery, the crises of the purge, and the resur- gence of snarled French politics.
This spring, however, the maneuvers of French politics became too strong to
be ignored, and the battle between Left
54_FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
Leopold's Choice: In his mountain retreat at St. Wolfgang, Austria, the King of the Belgians once more refused to abdicate this week. But after visits with his mother, his brother, and his Premier, Achille van Acker, he decided not to go back to Belgium. At home his people expressed their divergent views: by tying flowers to the gate of the royal palace and by scrawling out a single blunt word of advice.
and Right grew too bitter for mere ora- tory in the impotent Consultative Assem- bly. De Gaulle had promised a general election when the deportees came home from Germany. Last week he offered the nation its choice of government.
Next October, French men and women will pick an assembly of 600. By a simul- taneous referendum, they can declare the new body to be a Constituent (constitu- tion-drafting) Assembly (which the Left wants), or a traditional Chamber of Dep- uties, operating under the 1875 consti- tution, with a Senate to be elected later (which the Right desires). If as expected they grant constitutional powers to the new assembly, it will appoint a new pro- visional government to rule until the constitution is ratified by another popular referendum.
The test for the General lies in the national decision whether or not to limit the powers of the new assembly to con- stitution-drafting and approval of a few executive acts. If France approves the ex- tension of a powerful provisional govern- ment through next winter, de Gaulle will win his first election. If it returns national authority. to its new parliament, he will probably resi: :
Australia: Ben the Austere
John Curtin’s beloved Parliamentary Labor party voted the way he would have .wished. No successor could have pleased the hard-working late Prime Min- ister of Australia more than the graying best friend and adviser who often stroll with him down Canberra’s tree-lined streets:' Joseph Benedict Chifley, his drawling, lean-faced treasurer. On July 18 the Governor General, the Duke of Gloucester, swore in Chifley ‘as Aus- tralia’s sixteenth Prime Minister and its third in ten days.
Nearing 60 and a midnight-oil burner, Chifley hesitated to stand for the La- bor party leader- ship which would automatically make him Prime Minis- ter. James H. Scul- lin, onetime Labor Prime Minister who ne Chifley his °
rst Cabinet post in 1929, finally per- suaded him. By a reported 45 to 15
ee ah _Newsweex, JuLy 28, 1945
Ruropean Photos
vote, he returned. his chief opponent,
Francis Michael Forde, to Deputy Prime °
Minister after a record short term of seven days as head of the government following Curtin’s death on July 5. Ironically, Forde’s absence as United Na- tions delegate at San Francisco had given. Chifley a chance to shine as acting Prime Minister during Curtin’s last illness. (Dr. Herbert V. Evatt re- mains in the Cabinet as Minister of Ex- ternal Affairs and Attorney General.) The tall, calm, pipe-smoking ex-locomotive engineer with the. ruddy face and rasping voice had impressed even conservatives. Laborities looking toward 1946 elections saw him as a vote-getting white hope. Wearying of wartime “austerity” which Chifley himself had helped clamp upon them, some voters had already showed signs of flirting with the refurbished Lib- eral party led by the golden-vyoiced Rob- ert Gordon Menzies, who lost the pre- miership to Curtin in 1941. Chifley, a Catholic mid-roader, could hold such voters in line better than the fire-eating radicals of his party’s left wing. The new Prime Minister won his own parliamen- ae in 1940 against a Laborite who him a reactionary and a conserva-
tive who called him a Communist.
roam
‘India: Somebody Failed
“The conference has .. . failed... I wish to make it clear that the respon- sibility for the failure is mine.”
With these weary words from Viscount Wavell, Viceroy of India, another of the interminable battles for Indian indepen- dence ended last week—in the usual hopeless stalemate. For 19 days Wavell had conferred with Indian political lead- ers at Simla in efforts to lead them to agreement on the latest British proposals toward self-government for India. The convention got off to a good start. Lead- ers representing all parties in the coun- try were amenable to the major British concessions. But they lost sight of the main objectives in bitter interrtal pow- er rivalries.
Jinnah Won't Play: Wavell attempted to soothe the violent antagonism be- tween Mohandas K. Gandhi's All India Congress party and the separatist Mos- lem League of Mohammed Ali Jinnah by proposing that they have equal vot- ing strength in the Viceregal Council. Jinnah promptly protested that such an arrangement would doom his party to an ineffectual minority. He refused to let his party participate in it, thereby wreck- ing the conference.
In personally taking the blame for fail- ure of the conference, Wavell tried to ease the high tension between the two
- rival parties. But he made it clear that,
with the war against Japan to be finished, no riots would be tolerated—and the pres- ent British Government of India would continue in office.
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“You may fire when ready, Gridley.” As Commodore George Dewey in 1898 gave this historic command at Manila Bay, Captain C, V. Gridley of the Olympia was ready, and the flagship opened fire. The U. S. Asiatic Squadron was ready, and by winning the greatest naval triumph in American history at that time, opened the world drama in which the latest act was the triumphal fulfillment of General MacArthur’s promise, “‘I will return.”
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NEWSWEEK, JULY 23, 1945
+’ CANADIAN WEEK °
King of Glengarry
When William Lyon Mackenzie led a short-lived “rebellion” against the gov- ernment of Upper Canada (now Ontario) in 1837, one of his most outspoken op- ponents was Alexander Macdonnell, Glengarry County, first Roman Catholic Bishop of the colony. On July 17, Wil- liam Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime Min- ister of Canada, grandson of “The Little Rebel,” was nominated at Alexandria as Liberal candidate for Glengarry’s seat in Parliament.
King’s nomination was a political ne- cessity arising out of his personal defeat at Prince Albert, Sask., in the federal elections (NEWSWEEK, July 2) in which he led his party to victory. Dr. W. B. MacDiarmid, elected Liberal member for Glengarry with an overwhelming majority, Shad resigned in King’s favor.
Glengarry, smallest constituency in Canada, was_a safe riding for King to choose: It has voted Liberal in five of the six elections since the riding was formed in 1924, and opposition parties indicated they would not oppose his election by acclamation. But King had more senti- mental reasons for his choice. Steeped in history and tradition, Glengarry is a per- fect background for the role the Prime Minister believes his most important mis- sion: mediator between English and
French Canada. Originally settled most- ly by Scottish Catholics (as a young priest Bishop Macdonnell brought 500 of his own parishioners from Scotland), Glengarry has seen its adventurous young Scots seek greener fields, while French- Canadians have moved in from Quebec to buy up its farms. The 1941 census gave its population as 8,237 English- speaking, 10,121 French.
oo
A Place to Live
For most of the last ten years Canada’s housing shortage had aroused only spo- radic interest. But the accelerated war- time movement away from the farms and the vital shortages of manpower and building materials had made it harder and harder to find adequate shelter in cities. Now, the mounting tide of service- men returning from Europe made hous- ing Canada’s most critical immediate problem.
With housing front-page news in pa- pers from coast to coast, a delegation of mayors from most large Canadian cities last week put the problem up to federal officials at Ottawa. Urban centers needed about 357,000 houses, including a back- log of 320,000 units, minimum annual tequirements of 24,000, and replacement of about 13,500. The government had in-
NS SARS SAS Acme
Heil and Fling: Some 6,200 Canadian veterans (part of more than 50,000 arriv-
International
ing from Europe this month) were on the Queen Mary when she docked in New York last week. Many have 30 days’ leave before deployment to the Pacific. Left, Capt. Bus Ryan, Vancouver, B.C., waves his Essex Scottish kilt froma porthole. Right, a CWAC and other Canadians show souvenirs: a Nazi flag and a pair of panties.
dicated available men and_ materials would limit production in the first year after V-E Day to 50,000.
Finance Minister J. L. Ilsley gave the government's answer in general terms: (1) Labor for house construction and for building materials would be given a high- er priority rating than labor for war in- dustries; (2) houses for veterans and some supplies (such as soil pipe) would
given emergency rating: (3) key con- struction workers would be released from the armed forces; (4) rigid controls over housing would assist construction of low- cost homes for sale and rent and discour- age the building of luxury homes; (5) the government would share financial risks with builders under the National Hous- ing Act; and (6) as they became avail- able, wartime government and service buildings would be offered to municipali- ties for emergency shelters.
Later the government indicated more specific plans. The government-owned Wartime Housing, Ltd., which built 20,- 000 homes for war workers, would re- lease some of these for veterans. It plans to build 10,000 during.the post V-E Day year. Veterans Land Administration is building another 3,000 houses.
But the most important development was not yet official: leading insurance companies were expected to agree short- ly to help meet the crisis by putting up $10,000,000 with $90,000,000 of govern- ment funds to build 25,000 homes; with the government guaranteeing a 2%* per cent dividend and profits limited to 5 or 6 per cent. The government needed to act quickly: housing was the one question on which all opposition parties might unite to force a political crisis in Parliament next month.
Pam
Mercy Afloat For the first time since 1939, the Nas-
' copie, Arctic mercy ship, sailed up the
St. Lawrence River from Montreal last week with her lights'ablaze. She was off on another of her annual trips to ice- locked outposts of the Royal Canadian
Mounted Police, the Hudson’s Bay Co., .
and religious missions in the Canadian Arctic, which will lead her 60 miles north of the magnetic pole. .
But even with her decks stripped of anti-aircraft and deck guns; the Nas- copie’s holds and available deck space could take only 1,900 of the 2,100 tons of medical supplies, food, clothing, house- hold utensils, mail, and Christmas par- cels for hosts of Arctic and sub-Arctic posts. The Mount Murray, tough little
_river schooner, had to be commissioned
to carry 200 tons of her cargo.
One reason the Nascopie’s cargo was heavy: For the first time since she started her Arctic voyages in 1913, the Riswaonic carried supplies to be given free to Eski-
. mos as their share of the family allow-
ances the government started to . pay Canadians July 15.
#2! i
“The fire didn’t do much harm, but look at our records!”
_ ] “A small fre started in
nd one of the firm’s filing
lans rooms. But thanks to quick
Day action on everybody’s part, it was
L 1S out in a few minutes, with little
- damage done to the building.”
nce ” ort-
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ice- ,; : a” 2 “Just as we were breathing easy “In the excitement, water and *‘We had to have every record pains- lian again and congratulating ourselves chemicals had seeped through our takingly looked up and reconstructed rth on what a lucky escape we had, our office equipment, destroying some of our —at a big cost for overtime and outside , manager rushed in and shouted, ‘Look at most valuable papers. And our fire work. Now, a Valuable Papers Policy is as | of the records, they’re ruined!’ ”’ insurance did not cover this loss!” much a ‘must’ as our fire insurance.” % Nas- : yace Remember: your insurance against fire, windstorm, a protective policy of their own. Indemnity Insur- a and burglary does not cover a loss like this. Valuable ance Company of North America offers you such a par- papers are so important to a business that they need policy. Just-ask your own Agent or Broker about it. ctic ittle Insura Company of North America, founded 1792, oldest ned pass rcs et aoe dby” J c - INSURANCE COMPANY OF North America Companies which write practically all types of RTH AMERICA
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Baia: Accident or Spite?
The 3,150-ton Brazilian cruiser Baia had operated off Dakar in the last world war and had survived convoy duty be- tween Rio de Janeiro and Port of Spain, Trinidad, in this one. Since V-E Day it had been patrolling the Africa-Natal air line to protect home-flying United States troops. There it met disaster on July 4 as it steamed past the Rocks of St. Paul, about 100 miles off the coast of Per- nambuco. An explosion sent the cruiser and more than 300 of its crew of 427 to the bottom of the South Atlantic. It was the worst catastrophe in Brazilian naval history.
A British freighter picked up a few members of the Bafa’s crew. Others landed from rafts on the penal island of Fernando de Noronha. The survivors told of their sufferings as they floated on open rafts for five days. Many of the sailors, crazed by the tropical sun and lack of food and water, leaped into the sea and were eaten by sharks. Four United States Navy technicians aboard the ship were unreported. President Getulio Vargas de- creed three days of national mourning.
What happened to the Baia is not known. It may have struck a submerged mine. Its boiler may have exploded. Ad- miral Dodsworth Martins, commander of the naval center, said it was _pos- sible that it had been torpedoed by a German submarine which surrendered six days later, on July 10, in Argentine wa- ters, more than 2,000 miles to the south.
Enter the Seapent: The winter sky was still dark at 7 a.m. as Morse signals informed Argentine naval authorities at Mar del Plata that a German submarine was off the port and wanted to surrender. A ship was sent out as a guide, and halt
¢ PAN AMERICAN WEEK *
The Inter-American
Padilla: Forced out
an hour later the U-530 moved slowly up the roads with no flag flying, and tied up next to the Argentine ship Belgrano. Its youthful crew looked hungry, even undernourished, but still cocky and ar- rogant.
-The submarine arrived unexpectedly, unwelcome, and untimely for an Argen- tine Government already struggling with a full budget of international problems. Two suggested explanations for the be- lated appearance of the U-580: (1) It had sunk the Baia in a last fanatical ges-
Money Is Ammunition: Political exiles from the Dominican Republic are cir- culating over-printed Mexican peso notes as part of their campaign to arouse demo- cratic sentiment against the President-Dictator, Generalissimo Rafael Leonidas Trujillo. The slogan says: The tyranny of Santo Domingo shames the continent; Trujillo, the tyrant, must fall. Trujillo recently announced the reestablishment of political parties, long illegal, but their leaders are said to be Trujillo henchmen.
NEWSWEEK, JuLy 23, 1945 SRL SE ES EET,
ture of defeated Nazism; or (2) it had landed important Nazi refugees in Ar- gentina and then given itself up. The second seemed the more likely answer: Rumors of secret landings from the sea had been current in Mar del Plata for several days.
One thing was certain: The Argentine Government was anxious to dispose of the matter as quickly as possible. It started an investigation, but even before completing this, it issued a communiqué absolving the submarine of landing refu- gees or sinking the Bafa—all on testimony of the German crew.
While Argentines debated the legal status of the U-boat, its crew was in- terned in a pleasant recreation camp at the Mar del Plata Naval Base. Here the crew members played chess and swung on ropes for exercise, unmolested by in- agate reporters who were barred from the neighborhood.
aa
Padilla: Down or Up?
The commanding and eloquent Eze- quiel Padilla, Mexican Secretary of For- eign Affairs since 1940, has played two roles: He has been outstanding in Pan- American affairs, and at the same time
. active in Mexican internal politics. The
two characters have not been entirely compatible. Pan-Americanists lauded him as the “Man of America.” But to many sensitive Mexicans he was “Mr.” Padilla, a title by which they suggested that he was too subservient to the yanqui. Per- sonal enemies also used this charge as a weapon.
As Padilla’s prestige increased through- out the hemisphere, his standing at home declined correspondingly. He became an international figure at the San Francisco conference. But his close cooperation with Washington there and at the earlier Chapultepec conference smothered his Mexican ‘Presidential boom and even brought demands for his resignation.
Last week his enemies won: Padilla re- signed as Foreign Secretary. “I consider,” he said, “that the international policy which my enemies have criticized and attacked is the patrimony of the people and I do not believe I have the right to ex- pose it to irresponsible factional attacks.”
Some observers saw another reason for Padilla’s resignation. If he is to run for the Presidency on July 7, 1946, he must resign public office at least six months in advance. Padilla’s campaign was not flourishing, and he said he had asked his supporters to discontinue it. But at last reports his headquarters were still open. And now he had an issue.
@ The campaign of Miguel Aleman, out- standing candidate for the Presidency, was going full blast. Every day newspa- pers were fat with full-page advertise- ments promising the support of labor and farm organizations. If Aleman read all his own propaganda, one columnist said, he would have no time left to campaign.
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a " Last week hundreds ¢
saw Switzerland by television...
Tomorrow thousands will go to Europe by CLIPPER
DAY the world routes of the Fly- ing Clippers are being operated in the national interest. Tourists cannot fly the Atlantic. But once wartime restric- ‘tions are lifted, thousands of Ameri- cans who have never visited Europe will want to go there by Clipper. . And they will be able to go because Pan American’s postwar fares aboard 100 and 200- er Clippers, now on order, will be within their reach . .. They will have time to go because a “two weeks’ vacation” will give them twelve days on the Continent.
New York to Geneva postwar— 17 hours and 40 mins.
Have you been buying War Bonds and holding them . . . planning to “get away somewhere” after the war?
Would you like to spend 12 days in one of the most beautiful countries in the world? Then you will most cer-
tainly want to visit Switzerland, where
-15,000-foot mountains are reflected in
mirror-like Alpine lakes and where an industrious and highly skilled people have built up a world Conigens without raw materials or “natural advantages.” Switzerland's hotel facilities are un- equaled—and undamaged by war.
Wherever you plan to fly after the war—Geneva, Paris, London, Rio de Janeiro, Alaska, the South Pacific, China or Hawaii—remember that in the last 17 years Pan American World Airways has carried over 3,250,000 passengers ... A record unequaled by any other international airline.
PAN AMERICAN Wortp AIRWAYS The System of the—Flying Cifppers
ON STATION WNET
TELEViIEWERs: Visit, foreign lands by “video.” Dial in “Wings of Democracy,” Pan American’s new television program. Every Monday evening over NBC’s New York Station, WNBT.
Since it was founded, Pan American World Airways has completed more than 346,- 000,000 miles of overseas flight —a total greater than that of any other international airline.
FIRST air service across the Pacifie (1935)
FIRST plane service across the North Atlantic (1939)
co aie S|
¢ BUSINESS * LABOR * AGRICULTURE * AVIATION °°
War Labor Board Gets Tougher Toward the Strikers Who Defy It
Stands Ready to Break Union Refusing to Obey Government in New York Newspaper Tieup
The War Labor Board grimly set out to break:a strike last week, and, if a final showdown resulted; to break a union. Beginning July 1, the strike had crippled seventeen New York City newspapers with a total daily circulation of about 6,000,000. The union was the indepen- dent Newspaper and Mail ~ Deliverers Union, with 1,700 members, many of them truck drivers who carry the city’s dailies to thousands of newsstands.
Back in April the union and the Pub- lishers Association of New York® began to dicker for a new contract. The union asked a $5-a-week raise, a manda two-week vacation with pay, and leave and severance pay. The publishers said that the union, through its closed
shop and $500 initiation fee,:had re-
®Members: The New York Times, The yo York Herald Tribune, The Dail ly News, The Daily M The New York Joumal- merican, The New York Sun, The New York Post, The New York World- Telegram, The Wall Street Journal, The Brooklyn Citizen, The Long end Daily Star-Journal. Non-members affected: Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
Daily Racin Form,
Telegraph ae Guide. The Post and Bronx
and The Daily aes
Home News suspended publication. PM and The Daily Worker were not affected.
Pi
The Long Island pasy eg The = -g Home News, | The h, The
fused to furnish enough men to do the contract job at straight-time pay; over- time had boosted wages from a normal
.$50 a week under the Little Steel for-
mula to $80 or even as much as $120. Even so, the publishers indicated a will- ingness to talk it over.
The Government Orders: But ne- gotiations promptly broke down in an angry over the union’s main demand: a new welfare fund. The pub- lishers were invited to support it with $150,000 a year, figured at 3 per cent of the deliverers’ payroll. “Preposterous,” declared the publishers.
State and Federal authorities failed to bring the publishers and union back to- gether. The union, to comply with the Federal Smith-Connally Act, served a 30-day ‘notice that it would strike at expired, June 80, when the old contract
The National Labor Relations
supervised the strike ‘vote and cer- thea. * negli result. Efforts to ae —_ minute agreement again roke down with each side accusing the other of will- fully refusing to compromise. The War Labor Board stepped into this tangle on June.14. It ordered the old contract extended, «:
the workers to stay on their "jobs. The union n balked. The acer said the union,
International
promised that . any. new one would be whéactive, ‘and told
iy: ee NEWSWEEK, JULY.
bee we no power to extend a contract or
e NLRB-supervised strike vote: Let rate publishers a to arbitrate and the. men_ would pi eg The WLB stood pat: Arbitration could begin after the strike was called off, not before.
On June 30 the strike began. Mailers and delivery men by the hundreds re- ported they were ill and couldn’t work that day. All were missing by midnight, and newspaper deliveries in the nation’s biggest city almost came. to a halt.
The Union Disobeys: The union ig- nored repeated WLB orders to go back to work. In desperation, the WLB last week revoked the union contract, its closed shop and preferential hiring rights, and declared that any new con- tract would not be tetroactive. This was government ‘authority for the publishers to go ahead and break the strike, hir- ing men wherever they could.
‘first action of the publishers’ as- sociation was to appeal to the ‘strikers to go back:to work. Then. it announced that those who. did not would be dis- charged. It also lifted restrictions on over- the-counter sales of papers at the news- Edis when Tiere wate a taeeenody
stands were ‘established in New York years, ago—soon “to. on the’ streets. Most © t Sat Scent morning pa ont” ae afternoon papers sold for 10 cents on streets and commuter trains, but a 10-cent Sunday Times, minus feature sections, brought as much as $1.
Publishers had:notified advertisers they
couldn’t expect ‘much circulation during the strike, and advertising revenue e of The
dropped: accordingly. But
Held away from newsboy by police, a striker is stabbed in a later melee
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62 BUSINESS
News, normally over 2,000,000 daily, reached 675,000 in over-the-counter and makeshift deliveries. The Times, _nor- mally 450,000, reported about 135,000.
Significance -——~—
The strike points up the fact that the demand for an employer-financed wel- fare fund has, become a major objective in many unions. Musicians, garment workers, and clothing workers already have forced employers to yield on this point. Miners are after it. And the biggest union of all, the United Auto Workers (CIO), has announced that its chief postwar demand will be a welfare fund to give workers medical and life insurance, hospitalization, and rest and recreation centers.
The threat of conflict between return- ing nonunion veterans and unionized ci- vilians (NEwswEEK, May 21) also is ap- parent. The Daily News observed edi - torially that 500,000 young New Yorkers would be coming home from the war be-
fore long, many in search of. truck-
driving jobs. .
Most important, the WLB obviously _
has concluded that if it cannot break the strike, the strike will break the WLB. The Truman Administration and the new Secretary of Labor, Lewis B. Schwellen- bach, cannot afford, politically, to have
- Federal authority over labor relations suf-
fer a major defeat.
5 al
And Printers, Too
Striking members of the International Typographical Union (AFL) in Bayonne and Jersey City, N. J., Birmingham, Ala., and Fort Wayne, Ind., were notified by the War Labor Board last week that the WLB, not the union, would stipu- late contract conditions ‘unless the strikers go back to work. The union hinted that the strike might spread to Baltimore and Chicago. 38
Kitchens: On the Level
After a good look at.some market sur- veys indicating that nine out of ten fami- lies need new kitchen equipment, the American Gas Association last week per- suaded a group of kitchen-cabinet and gas-appliance manufacturers to agree on standardized sizes. The winning argu- ment was that a smoothly streamlined kitchen shouldn’t belong exclusively to the housewife who can afford a custom- built job.
Although selected counter areas in any kitchen may be lower, the agreed-upon height of working space is $6 inches above the floor. To prevent toe stubbing, cabinets, stoves, nad bike fixtures are to have a toe cove, 3 inches deep and 4 inches high. Counter tops are to extend 25% inches from’ the wall, allowing half an inch overhang from the cabinet base.
Qn
Steel: Short Sheets
Reconversion was’ délayed. last week by an inadequate supply of light, flat rolled steel, wn to the industry as sheet and strip. bred asi
Manufacturers of: autos, ‘¥éfrigerators, and stoves, now demanding big tonnages, began to lain. Because steel men have been confident that there would be
‘plenty for the Pacific war and for recon-
version, too, the situation ‘bewildered many of the experts. War Production Board officials began to dig out an ex- planation: ee 3
@ Many war contractors who received cutbacks this year did not cancel their steel orders, particularly’ if those orders covered light-gauge steel.
.@ The WPB relaxed its Controlled Ma-
terials Plan on July 1,. itting mills to accept any civilian orders that. wouldn't interfere: with war Contracts. There was a rush for light-gauge steel. And some war contractors still holding CMP “tick-
sur- umi- the
per- and » on rgu- ned r to om-
any pon shes
in g,
half
Jury 23, 1945 63
ets” used them to get sheets. They could do this because the tickets specify ton- nage but not thickness. At the same time they went into an easy, open market for heavier kinds of steel with which to fill their war orders.
The scramble for light-gauge steel moved so quickly that on July 3, the WPB ordered all strip and sheet users to cancel any orders that would give them more than a 45-day supply. The previous limit was a 60-day supply. On July 4, the WPB prohibited any sheet and strip or- ders until further notice. Then, on July 18, officials decided they could ease up again, and ruled that steel mills could fill any open spaces in July and August roll- ing schedules ,with new orders. In ad- dition, smaller manufacturers were given permission to place orders anywhere they could, through September.
But rolling mills last week were pro- ducing sheet and strip at only 75 per
cent of capacity. Their problem was man- power.’ The WPB and the War Man- power Commission planned a drive to get 9,000 more workers into steel plants. Moreover in 89 separate projects, $34,- 000,000 of new rolling-mill facilities re- cently were approved. Another $21,000,- 000 worth probably will be.
Om
Books on the Ceiling
Microfilm, which carries V-mail over- seas and reduces bulky records to easy portability, has a new job in Army hos- pitals—bringing books to badly wounded and immobilized veterans. It is done with a new projector which throws microfilm
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64 BUSINESS
SL OES
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NEWSWEEK, JULY 23, 1945
reproductions of book pages onto the ceiling.
Eugene B. Power, president of Uni- versity Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich., thought up the idea when he was in bed with a knee injury. Finding that an ordi- nary microfilm projector wouldn’t do, he developed the ceiling projector in col- laboration with Argus, Inc., also of Ann Arbor. Together they organized Projected Books, Inc., to make life more pleasant for disabled veterans.
A few experimental models are in use at Halloran General Hospital, Staten Is- land, N.Y., and Percy Jones General Hospital, Battle Creek, Mich.
Ceiling projectors weigh about 20 pounds each and will sell at about $100. Book films will cost 50 cents to $1.50 each, depending on length.
The patient can turn pages backward or forward with push buttons. One dis- abled veteran who couldn’t move an arm, leg, finger, or toe found he could push buttons with his chin. The discov- ery that he could do something for him- self, and doing it, a nurse said, gave him a tremendous psychological lift.
Pn
Rails: Delaying Tactics
Two carefully calculated moves against the Interstate Commerce Commission class-rate order to raise Eastern and re- duce Southern and Western freight charges on lighter shipments (NEWSWEEK. May 28) were made last week:
?
eT iO
@ The railroads asked for a delay until next April 1. Effective date of the order had been set.for Aug. 30. @ The Wisconsin Public Service Commis- sion, apparently in accord with plans developed at a closed conference of Eastern shippers in Columbus, Ohio, three weeks ago, petitioned the ICC to reconsider.
Southern governors will meet in Mo- bile, Ala., July 20, to plan a counterattack.
Because it pondered the issue six years before acting on equalization, the ICC probably won't reconsider. But a delay now seems likely.
em
Ships: On Dry Land
Soon after Pearl Harbor, the Chicago Bridge & Iron Co., never before a ship- builder, began to convert a large tract of farmland into a shipyard. The site was Seneca, Ill., on the Illinois River 1,000 miles from tidewater.
The yard’s first Landing Ship Tank was trundled to the launching Dec. 13, 1942, on a train of eighteen hydraulic- lift transfer buggies. This LST and 156 others eventually splashed into the river to~begin a long journey down the Illinois and Mississippi to the Gulf, and from there to invasion duty.
Seneca’s 157th and last LST was launched June 8, 1945. Soon afterward workmen began to dismantle the yard. Last week, a government ban on pub- licity about Seneca’s war story was
Oe ee Se gE eee eS
1—On two outside ways keels are laid
over frttracks. When ready ships are
slid to%center way by means of 18 buggies or hydraulic hand cars. 3
3—Two winch trucks roll boat to center way.
4—On center ste a huge wood sled slides
gies are turned to move toward launc «knees H ship side- ways into the Illinois river.
lifted. The Chicago Sun published a dramatic aerial photograph of the yard at peak activity.
Po
The Week in Business
SHoEs—Military leather requirements have been reduced; by October civilian shoe production, government planners claim, will about equal the 1940 rate. But canvas and gabardine shoes may be with us for years, in view of the world shortage.
Soar—Washington knows the soap supply is tight, but predicts no rationing.
DDT—Flies and mosquitoes were abol- ished wholesale at Jones Beach, N. Y., by a DDT fog blanket. About 98 per cent of current DDT output—now estimated around 40,000,000 pounds a year—goes to the military; about 2 per cent for ex- perimental and public-health purposes.
Prose—New York grand jury will in- vestigate alleged price fixing in artificial limbs. The War Department and Con- gress are interested.
Hovuses—The government hopes 400,- 000 privately financed houses will be built in the next twelve months.
JeEP—Willys-Overland Motors demon- strated its postwar jeep with a speed range of 8 to 60 miles an hour and a power take-off pulley to help do the chores. Besides pulling and hauling, the jeep is said to be able to deliver mail, dig a well, herd cattle, and spread ma- nure better than its wartime brother.
aie in jacks on the jes lifts ship 6
Where LST’s were born: The shipyard at Seneca, Ill., 1,000 miles from the sea, is no longer a secret
WORKIN’ ON THE RAILROAD
All the Livelong Day with International. Power
r- WILL BE a mighty peacetime song—
“Workin’ on the Railroad.” Roadbeds, tracks, and equipment have taken a ter- rifie pounding. A great reconstruction job must be done.
Look for International Industrial Power on that job. Look for International Trac- tors working all the livelong day along the right-of-way.
International works all the livelong day, powering off-track equipment—work- ing with bulldozers, scrapers, compres- sors, generators, welding and cutting equipment, cranes, mowers and a variety of other types of machines.
Note that phrase—"off-track equipment.”
And because they are “off-track” in con- ' trast with “rail-bound,” International Trac- tors don’t have to be hauled to a siding to let trains through. Schedules are kept. The job is done quicker. In addition to railroad construction and maintenance- of-way, International Crawler Tractors, Wheel Tractors and Power Units, with full-Diesel or carburetor-type engines, are assigned to scores of jobs in terminal, shop and yard.
International Power, toughened and improved by war, will be working on great peacetime jobs in many other in- dustries, too, when the all-clear signal is given. International Power—rugged, de- pendable—is ready to help America and the world achieve new conquests on the frontiers of peace.
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ee
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> It’s always good business to save fuel. Now it is a good way to serve our country, too. Fuel saving is a wartime “must.” So there is a patriotic thrill to- day for plant owners and engineers who can make a genuine reduction in fuel con- sumption. This is especially so when lower costs are accompanied by labor savings and oe in boiler room efficiency. his happened at the plant of Sprague Warner-Kenny Corporation, home of the famous Richelieu brand of quality foods. Steam formerly cost 62 cents per thousand pounds. After installing Iron Fireman it cost only 26} cents—58 per cent saving. Fuel and labor savings amount to $12,714 a year! America is a stronger nation because of the job Iron Fireman is doing in the Sprague Warner-Kenny Corp. America would be still stronger if a way could be found to make your plant more efficient. Perhaps it can be done. Will you give us a chance to study your plant at our risk? Iron Fireman Mfg. Co., 3747 West 106th Street, Cleveland 11, Ohio, Pioneer and Leader in its field. Plants at Portland, Oregon; Cleveland, | Ohio ; Toronto, Canada. Dealers everywhere. |
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skill in eliminating waste. His selection of Iron firing is a typical example of his ingenuity,
66 BUSINESS
Newswesk, JULY 23, 1045
BUSINESS TIDES
A Clever Trick Designed Just to Fool You
by RALPH ROBEY
There is one final point of major importance in connection with the so- called Murray full employment bill, now pending in the Senate with the Administration’s blessing, which it is imperative to get clearly in mind if
our appraisal of this measure is to e on other than a sentimental basis.
This is the bill, it will be
to be haphazard and wasteful, as in the ’30s, or carefully planned out be- forehand. Well, clearly it would be better to have the spending planned. And that, so the argument concludes —which is where the trick comes in— is just what this bill does.
In other words, the sponsors of the .. bill would have us believe,
recalled, which makes it mandatory for the Presi- dent, in January of each year, to estimate how much government spending will be necessary to provide em- ployment for all who will want jobs in the twelve months starting the follow- ing July. Four weeks ago in this space (June 25) we pointed out the almost in- superable statistical difficulties con- fronting «anyone trying to make such estimates, and two weeks ago (July 9) we explained that each 1 per cent error in the underlying estimates would involve $2,000,000,000 of gov- ernment spending. (We said _ this would be equal to $600 for each fam- ily in the United States. Of cdurse, as several readers have pointed out, this should have been $60 for each family. )
Such basic practical considerations, one would think, would be sufficient in themselves to defeat this proposal, and under ordinary circumstances this perhaps would be true. But in the present case it cannot be counted on. It cannot be counted on because of an especially clever argument—tricky argument is perhaps a better phrase— which proponents of the measure are using to win supporters.
This argument, in brief, is that of course we all hope that there will be lenty of jobs in private enterprise or all who want to work, and the bill ecifically provides that the Presi- ent “shall set forth ...a ren program for encouraging” such jobs. But suppose that in spite of all this— in spite of every reasonable encour- agement being given private enter- prise by the government—there still are not enough jobs to go around. In that event, so the argument con- tinues, there is no practical alternative to having the government step in and relieve unemployment. That was roved by the experience of the ’80s. e only question, then, so the ponents of this measure contend, is whether such government spending is
‘there is no effective alternative to gov-
this measure doesn’t intro- duce any new concept into government spending to re- lieve unemployment; _ it merely puts such spending upon a scientific basis in or- der that we may obtain -maximum benefits with the minimum of waste.
Now if that. argument was really true there would be much to say in favor of this bill. In a period of prolonged mass
unemployment, for which there is no conceivable excuse in this country,
ernment relief, and obviously it is the part of wisdom to have such spend- ing carefully planned. But that is not what this bill proposes.
Under this bill the spending is not undertaken for the purpose of elimi- nating unemployment, or of providing jobs for the unemployed. Under this measure the spending is undertaken solely on the basis of some bureau- crat’s guess that unemployment will develop a year hence unless such spending is undertaken by the govern- ment. To use an analogy, the differ- ence between this bill and the type of government spending we had in the ’80s, is the difference between
our having an operation when you
ave an acute attack of appendicitis, and having some government bureau- crat order you to have an operation because in his opinion you are likely to have an attack sometime next year. And just as in that case you never would know whether, if you had not undergone the operation, you actually would have had the attack of appen- dicitis, so with the spending proposed in this bill we would never know whether the anticipated eos ge ment would have occurred had the spending not taken place.
Surely we in this country are too level-headed, and have too much com- mon sense, to let ourselves in for any such program as this. It is one of the most outlandish proposals ever offered to the American public.
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o the job up brown, or black, or tan.
Simple as it is to get our shoes shined, how many of us know that it is wax in the polish that actually produces the shine. Wax is used because it provides both luster and protection, and tons of it are needed every year to keep the na- tion’s shoes in good condition.
But this is only one of hundreds of uses for wax, which Cyanamid supplies in many different types from a variety of interesting sources. For example, there is Beeswax, the framework of the honey- comb... Carnauba, found on the leaves of a Brazilian palm tree... Candelilla, which grows on a Mexican plant... Ceresin and Montan, of mineral origin
... Ozokerite, from coal... Chinese Wax, from an insect... and Spermaceti, product of the whale.
Huge quantities of these waxes are needed as the basic ingredient of pol- ishes for floors, furniture, auto- mobiles, and many other pur- poses. They are also used in the making of waterproof paper and textiles, in cosmetics, soaps, varnishes, adhesives, crayons, phonograph records, dolls, ointments, lubricants and sealing compounds and a wide range of other products.
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Newsweek, JuLy.23, 1945
PERCE
TRANSITION
aaa
Die-hard: At an internment camp out- side Rome, FRAv MARGARETE HIMMLER shrugged when she learned her husband, Heinrich Himmler, had committed sui- cide. Captured in the Austrian Tyrol, Frau Himmler last heard from the Ges- tapo chief when he telephoned her from Berlin at Easter. Both were Nazis when they married in 1928. Still a Nazi, Frau Himmler predicted: “The war will go on. America and England will never be able to work with Russia.”
Homage: At Hyde Park, N. Y., GEN. Dwicnt D. EIsENHOWER paid an unan- | nounced visit to the grave of his late Commander-in-Chief, Franklin D. Roose- -yelt, before leaving for Europe. While Mrs. Roosevelt stood by, General Eisen- “hower put a wreath on the grave, said a silent prayer, and saluted.
signed: In Washington, Cot. OvETA utp Hossy, 40, the first woman to wear Wac uniform in this war, resigned as “director of the Women’s Army Corps to -retum to her family and her husband’s |. mewspaper, The Houston (Texas) Post. |} “I feel that my mission has been com- pleted,” Mrs. Hobby said. “The corps is | well established.” Her successor: Cot. ESTRAY BATTLE Boyce, 48, former deputy director of the Wac.
Retired: Sanuro Kurusu, Japanese en- by to the United States at the time of Pearl Harbor, is “getting along now as ‘an active farmer up in the cool mountain town of Karuizawa” on Honshu, the ' Tokyo radio reported. The broadcast add- ed that Kurusu’s “peace” mission to the United States had been “a Herculean effort to avert the current war situation.”
Suits: In New York, GLonia Swanson,
separation from her fifth husband, W11- LIAM M. Davey, 55, a retired business-
e man. Miss Swanson, who married a d Jan. 29, said he abandoned her in April. d She asked $1,000 weckly alimony and is $25,000 counsel fees, explaining: “My
husband is worth over $10,000,000,”
In Los ‘Angeles, Bansara Hutton, twice-divorced dime-store ‘heiress, filed suit to divorce Cary Grant, British-. born movie actor, after three years of marriage. The charge: extreme mental cruelty. Following a separation of sev- eral months, ths Grants were reconciled until last February when the heiress said: “We have decided that we can be ha pier living apart.” Grant, who was di- vorced by the actress, Virginia Cherrill, renounced all claim to Miss Hutton’s $40,- 000,000 when he married her. Miss Hut- _ton’s previous husbands were the late Alexis Mdivani, ian prince, and r Haugwitz-Reventlow, er Dan-
count. She has partial custody of her 0n, Lance Reventlow, 9.
, N. Y.
45, former movie actress, filed suit for |
Comic Spirit: In New York Mayor Fi- ORELLO H. La Guarpia has had a won- derful time reading the funnies on his regular Sunday broadcasts (above) dur- ing the strike of the newspaper de- liverers. His Honor supplies gestures, his own sound effects, and a moral (for Breathless Mahoney in Dick Tracy): “Dirty money never brings good luck.”
Birthday: Forrest (Nuspins) Horr- MAN, the Cheyenne, Wyo., boy who. was expected to die of a bladder ailment last winter was 4 on July 11. Nubbins, who celebrated Christmas on Nov. 19, has continued to improve since he under- went a delicate operation.
Married: Luisk RAINER, movie actress, and Rosert Knirrez, publisher; in New York, July 12. The marriage was Knittel’s first. Miss Rainer divorced the playwright Clifford Odets in: 1940.
Way Out: In Berlin, Exnst UpdeEt’s mis- tress denied that he had been killed in a Luftwaffe accident, as the Nazis re- ported in 1941, and neighbors confirmed the fact that the world famous flier had committed suicide. Her story: Udet never joined the Nazi party, but he became top production man in the Luftwaffe. When Hitler demanded more bombers to destroy the British Isles, Udet held out for fighters. Géring told him that the Fiihrer was sncianed and Udet shot him- self rather than risk being sent to a con- centration camp.
Hoax: In Chicago, Mrs, Mary S'rryszyk learned that Son1a PELEK, typist, had ob- tained a divorce in her name last April and married her estranged husband, Pvt. Huperr Strryszyx. The soldier had ap- peared as a witness under an assumed name. He then married Sonia, who had already’ borne him a child. Miss Pelek was held in contempt of comt. When Stryszyk, now overseas, returns he will be * arrested for fraud, perjury, and bigamy. Mrs. Stryszyk discovered the divorce when her allotment checks stopped.
Died: ALLA Nazimova, 66, veteran ac- tress; of coronary thrombosis, in Holly- wood, July 13 (see page 83).
Rapst SAMUEL Rose, 90, father of. Maj. Gen. Maurice Rose, who was shot last March after he surrendered to a Nazi soldier in Germany; of old age and grief, in Denver, July 10. a
ApoLF CARDINAL BERTRAM, 86, anti- Nazi Archbishop of Breslau. As dean of the German Catholic Hierarchy, Cardi- nal Bertram wrote a pastoral letter in 1936 appealing to the German le to ‘resist the Nazi campaign- to under- mine the church. Last March, the aging Cardinal refused to evacuate Breslau, but threw open the gates of his palace to the Russians. His death reduces the Col- lege of Cardinals to 40 members, the lowest number in 144 years.
Gen. Sm Hucu Exes, 65, command- er of the British Tank Corps in the last war and one of the developers of the then “secret weapon”; in London, July 11. Elles established the value of the tank and the prestige of his corps by leading the victorious attack of 350 tanks in the Battle of Cambrai.
EDUCATION
Newsweek, Jury 23, 1945
Colleges in Uniform Aim to Lure
GI in Europe to His Books Again
The soldier is starting to college. Away from the battle fronts the Army has put
in operation a setup which will give some schooling to millions still in uniform. A
few qualified soldiers are allowed to enter such foreign universities as Oxford and. the Sorbonne. About 1,000,006 have enrolled for correspondence courses in the Armed Forces Institute, with headquarters in Madison, Wis. Another 1,000,000 are expected to enter Army “unit” schools of 1,000 students. each, organized on the bat- talion level. The Army is also setting up its own University Study Centers abroad— American colleges with Army and civilian professors. Jerry Gask, NEWSWEEK war Cor- respondent, reports the opening of the first of these centers at Florence last week and Toni Howard of Newsweex’s Paris bureau tells of preparations for another at Biartitz:
Fascists Strutted Here: Bugles played flourishes, drums tapped out salutes. In the golden Florence sunshine, some 1,300 GI’s, officers, Wacs, and nurses standing on the concrete quadrangle snapped to attention. Behind them, cut into-a con- crete strip spanning the great red-brick, white-trimmed building, was a ghostly Fascist inscription lauding Benito Mus- solini as “Fondatore dell "Impero” (Foun- der of the Empire). In front of them, on a reviewing stand jammed with brass, Lt. Gen: Lucian K. Truscott Jr., command- er of the Fifth Army, rose to address the students.
That was the scene at the former Fascist School of Aeronautics, a few miles outside Florence and close to the hotly contested Amo River, on the after- noon of July 9 when the Army officially inaugurated its University Study Center —the first of its kind anywhere—for the Mediterranean theater of operations. It sounded the starting gun for other and still bigger university study centers to come, including three in the Euro-
‘Actne Joe College in khaki: Yanks at Oxford get Lend-Lease tuition . .
pean theater of operations—at Biarritz, France, at Shrivenham near Oxford, England, and near Blackpool, on the English west coast. '
Already the Florence University Study
Center site, which the Germans turned into an Army i became the American 24th General Hos- pital, had taken on the informal aspect of a college campus back home. Throw
its tree-shaded ‘walks and gardens in the shadow of the Apennines, GI's strolled with books under their arms. Around the
—- swimming pool and on the steps:
of half a dozen huge buildings: — in 1988 and now labeled Harvard Hall, Yale Hall, Duke Hall, Stanford Hall, ete., GI’s chatted with their girl friends or rested in the sunshine. Ss
Professor Pfc: Every member ‘of the Florence faculty is a highly qualified -GI or officer. The University Study Center’s president, Brig. Gen, F. J. Tate, is a former professor of military science and tactics at Virginia Military Institute and
Ss
hospital and which later
. A Biarritz casino is becoming an Army University
—e
a fighting man, too—he commanded the 34th Division Artillery at Anzio.
Of the 99 instructors, about 40 have a doctor’s degree, many more have'a mas- ter’s degree. One is a Wac T/5, another is a Navy storekeeper third-class who formerly was a mathematics professor at Brooklyn College. Two are Negroes. All are former college teachers or men with advanced degrees and many years of teaching experience.
Students are selected by chiefs of the major theater commands on a quota sys- tem. They must be high-school graduates or college students, or possess AGCT (Adjutant Generals’ Classification Test) or an IQ rating of 105 or over. They may select three courses which they take in two twenty-hour blocks over a one-month term. That works out into a schedule of three lessons of one hour each, daily, five days a week. Including private study, the Army calculates that this concentrated form of teaching lets the student acquire in one month an education equivalent to half the average college semester, with a wider selection of subjects.
The result of this system has been that the American Council on Education, na-
‘tional spokesman for all the major col-
leges, has recommended to its affiliates that they give credit values to soldiers for work-done certificates gained in Army university study centers. Many colleges have already responded favorably. They expect to send to Europe about 800. teachers who will help out the study center faculties in five- to twelve- month shifts.
On inaugural day the Florence center had_ 1,824 students—1,247 enlisted _per- sonnel, 77 officers including eighteen nurses, and five Wacs. By September an
OFFICIAL VU. 8. NAVY PHOTO
This ship had no right to live ood but she did] 7 :
This is your aircraft carrier Saratoga —the oldest in the fleet.
_ She was one more entry on a swelling
list of American ships . . . ships so badly damaged that they have no right to live! According to all rules and ‘experience, her hurts were grievous ' enough to put her on the bottom.
_. But her crew of American seamen j collectively refused to recognize the rules.
| They brought her back!
' The survivors of what should have been her death, brought her back more _} than 5000 painful miles so that her shat- | tered flight decks could be mended, her _Tipped plates replaced, her seared super- i structure and hangar deck renewed. They brought her back because they had implicit confidence in American ability "to repair and refit her.
~ They brought the “‘Sara’”’ back so she “Could fight again!
The “Sara” is back in action, today!
But here’s the sore spot: A lot of critical ships aren’t back in action! American shipyards are jammed with battle-dam- aged shipping. The pressure of repair work on fighting and supply ships mounts every day. The need for skilled workers to keepuprepair schedulesis terribly urgent.
How soon these ships return to action, depends on us at home. On how well we understand the stupendous naval prob- lems of the Pacific:
¥ It takes 3 ships in the endless Pacific to do the supply job that 1 ship did in the Atlantic.
Vv 6 to 11 tons of supplies are required * to place a man in the Pacific theater —an additional ton per month to maintain him.
Vv Yet under ideal conditions, a supply vessel can average but 2 round trips per year.
v In taking the shortest route to the nearest base capable of repairing them, some of our ships have had to sail 14 the circumference of the world.
But after 170 years of dealing with the American temper, the Navy is confident that the schedules will be maintained . .. that the damaged ships will be put into action again before Japan is whip- ped. And the Navy knows its Americans.
Didn’t they bring the “Sara” back?
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enrollment of 4,000 is expected. The GI's are waited upon by 3$00-odd German prisoners of war and they like the setup.
Paradise at Biarritz: The Army’s new university at Biarritz, which will open late in August at the seaside playground in- Southern France, sounds like a GI's combat hallucination: tennis, golf, horse- back riding over plateaus ove the blue Bay of Biscay, swimming and sun- ning on wide beaches, the_lush comfort
| of millionaire ocean-front hotels.
Here students will live in three lux- urious hotels—the Héte]l du Palais, the Miramar, and the Carleton—with the Bay of Biscay Te below and the towering Pyrenees for a backdrop. They will eat in glass dining rooms hanging over the sea and dance in the Bellevue Casino where, before the war, millions of francs fell at the drop of a card and the international set gambled until dawn. In the Municipal Casino they will watch American movies and stage shows.
Although Army officials, charged with administering the Biarritz Study Center, say only that requisitioning is under way, actually it is about finished. Seaside vil- las have already been secured for the
rofessors who will leave American col- leges next month or who, like Kenneth
Olson from Medill School of Journalism, ©
have already arrived. Sixty smaller Biar- ritz hotels are also being made ready. As a matter of fact, only one first-class beach hotel remains in French hands for the use of vacationing French civilians.
Ivy League, ETO: Setting ‘up the American universities seems an ambitious job, but Army officials point out that this is only part of the plan to make available
_ to American soldiers in Europe whatever!
NEWSWEE
educational study and training is needed or wanted—from literacy training for in- dividuals below the fifth-grade level to the opportunity to study with free tuition, room, and board at some of Europe’s old- est and finest universities, such as those of Oxford, Cambridge, Glasgow, and Paris, the British Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, the French Ecole des Beaux-Arts, and the Paris Conservatoire, These facilities are made available by j the British and French governments, in agreemerit with the institutions them- selves. The United States Government foots the bills by means of reverse Lend- Lease or cash payment. -
Officials emphasize that the entire study program is voluntary. If .a soldier doesn’t want to expose himself to educa- tion, he doesn’t have to. But they also say
Lunch With Diana: Londoners can learn while they cat at some of the restau- rants opened under government auspices to give the people chcap, hot meals. At this one in Bethnal Green Muscum in the East End the customers queue up at the gates to pay thcir shilling, carry their trays of food through the hzll of statuary, and then take their lich u.tcr the stare of Diana, Goddess of #i:: i1unt.
that if any soldier ‘gains nothing during The his time in school, it isn’t the Army’s fault. Now Class, Tolerance Berlin children, who hadn't gone to The | school in two years, were back in the e€ classrooms last week. Only a fourth of Gen Ahe city’s 707 schools were usable. Some all the 2,500 teachers had been approved as He ne non-Nazi, but the children . were still taken tarred with Nazism. all hi Russell Hill of The New York Herald show Tribune visited the Schadow public § viet’s school and found that a class of 31 former Wh Hitler Jugend didn’t know how to define yeft | the word “tolerance.” He also reported News that the Russians have allowed the Ger- oratio mans to weed out pro-Nazi teachers and collar. expurgate their own texts. Germans them- Cold selves advocated teaching Russian. Order Banne anniv: the D tom Orde: Sta Mars! besto by th Stalix Lenit Ret As “The a 24! blacl “an Spoki been once Ss A Black Star Photos of ¢ drev door Nev pora the |
SWEEK)| Sara,
—<—<—
atever 1eeded. for in-! vel to uition, ’s old- - those » and ny of e des atoire, le by: ats, in them- nment Lend-
entire soldier >duca- Iso say during
The Generalissimo with full honors. s fault.
ART
i th. (| The Complete Stalin
rth of Generalissimo Stalin, ‘supreme ruler of Some ¥@ all the sixteen Russias, is a modest man. ed as 7 He never permits his ph ph to be e still 9% taken or poses for an artist wearing all his medals. As ~a rule his_ pictures Herald #§ show only the Gold Star, the So- public ## viet’s highest award. former When the Russian artist Ivan Savel- define HJ yeff painted the portrait of Stalin on ported #] NewsweeEx’s cover, he added other dec- e Ger- orations: right breast—Order of Suvoroff; rs and collar—Marshal’s Star; left breast, top— them- #J Gold Star; left breast, left to right— Order of Lenin, three Orders of the Red
anniversary of the Red Army, Medal for the Defense of Moscow; left breast, bot- tom (not shown in cover portrait)— Order of Victory. bee ny
Starred epaulets denote the rank of Marshal of the Soviet. With the recently bestowed title of Generalissimo, given by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, Stalin was awarded another Order of Lenin and a second Gold Star.
PP
Return Bout
As a heavyweight wrestler known as ‘The Irish Rasputin,” Patrick O’Connor, a 245- der with a fierce and bristling black won 100 straight matches from July to November 1944. As a soft- spoken artist and dealer, O'Connor hasn’t been quite so lucky: He was thrown once, but he’s back in there battling.
A year ago O’Connor, son and pupil of the late Irish-American sculptor An- -stau- drew O’Connor, who designed the bronze t this doors for St. Bartholomew’s Church in gates New York, opened a gallery of contem- ‘then &@ porary art in Greenwich Village. One of
the artists whose paintings were featured —
Banner, Jubilee medal of the twentieth -
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In “The Naked City”: Weegee misspelling a caption .
was the Vienna-born Maxim Kopf, hus- band of the columnist, Dorothy Thomp- son. The gallery, O'Connor said, would put the work of present-day artists into the home of the average American by
taking the hokum and the high prices out:
of the “art business. Canvases in the O’Connor gallery were poice agar) at $50 to $250. The gallery closed down in six months.
But last week O’Connor brightened New York’s waning art season with bub- bling champagne and a new gallery—up- town. Prices are in the thousands. The paintings date from all eras except the contemporary, with emphasis on nine- teenth-ceritury examples—a period which O’Connor favors, even in his own style of painting. “When I want an exhibit of some good modern individuals,” he says, “I'll think of myself and of my brother Roderick.”
The champagne at the opening flowed from a silver fountain. There was a keg of beer in the back room for the beaming director who doesn’t like champagne. But from the art angle, O’Connor didn’t get Off to quite so good a start. The paint- ings on the walls were: definitely minor efforts, some by well-known artists—a lion by Delacroix, some sheep by Rosa Bonheur, and a bull by William Henry Howe. One rather well-known nineteenth- century storytelling canvas, “The Wolf
er,” by the American John La Farge, which O’Connor bought at auc- tion for a mere $450 last May, topped the entire show at $10,000.
THE PRESS
Modest and Assuming
Of all the thousands of photographers —news, studio, and free-lance—in New York City, one is a genius. Weegee says so himself. His rubber stamp, which has appeared on innumerable lively photos of the city for Acme News Pictures, the newspaper PM, and The New York Post, reads: “CREDIT PHOTO BY WEEGEE THE FAMOUS.” Weegee, a short, dumpy man in his 40s with a penchant for cigars, rumpled clothes, and unusual photo- graphs, denies that he’s immodest. “I’m modest,” he says in accents that are lower East Side by way of Austria-Hun- gary, “and assuming.”
At any rate, Weegee today is Art, as his new book, “Naked City,”* attests. It is a candid portrait of New York, defi- nitely not on its best behavior.
Weegee assumed his nom Daguerre from a misspelling of Ouija, referring to his psychic ability to be near the scene of action. Murders and fires are his bread and butter, and often he captures on his film little ironies of life. At one fire, he caught hoses pouring water into a burn- ing bui which carried an advertise- ment: “Simply Add Boiling Water.” An auto-accident casualty in another photo-
aph, lies covered with newspaper in Femt of a double-feature movie house
®Naked City. 249° pages, Essential Books. $4.
. « One of his shots—death and the last sacrament at a fire
which is playing “Joy of Living” and “Don’t Turn Them Loose.”
Other news photographers, stung by the success of a former Bowery bum who still looks like one, point out that Wee- gee’s pictures are frequently out of focus and that he gets his scoops by working
_nights and sleeping days. In his upside-
down existence, he many times is the only photographer on the scene. Then again, he has been known to have a wreck moved four or five blocks so that he could have an exclusive.
East Side, East Side: Weegee’s photo- graphs of New York are famous. Perhaps no one but an immigrant (at 10) who has lived most of his life in the seamier sections of the city could know that side of the big town so well. In his file are negatives of not only murders and fires, but churches, funeral parlors, the circus, the Bowery, Coney Island, the El, tene- ments, opera standees, Harlem, Frank Sinatra at the Paramount, attempted sui- cides, and kids bathing in the streets. Weegee started his photographic career on New York more, “kidnapping youngsters to pose them on ponies an in toy automobiles. He never really left the streets.
Long before he became famous (the point at which other eg. 9 Hg were assigned to take pictures of him), Wee- gee was known as Asher Fellig, one of the seven children of Rabbi Fellig. As a youngster, his life was one ‘tenement after another until an itinerant photog-
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NEWSWEEK, JuLy 28, 1945
rapher made a tintype of him. “Right den I decided to solve dat mystery,” says Weegee, who changed his name to Ar- thur Fellig and later Weegee when, un- accountably, he told the Acme News Pic- tures staff of the wreck of the dirigible Shenandoah before he presumably could have known of it
Back in Dem Days: He worked for commercial siiotoaraiionr: lugging heavy 11x14 cameras (“Dey didn’t have en- largements in dem days”); on the streets, taking pictures of unprotesting children for unsuspecting parents; as “assistant photographer, which covers a multitude of sins”; and as dark-room man for Acme. He once applied to the old New York morning World as a photo printer, and was told to make some prints 'on PMC (a photographic printing paper no longer available). “I still ain’t sure what dat is,” he says. He also worked as busboy at the Automat restaurants, where he ac-
uired his cafeteria philosophy: “I tink if ya dirty up da dishes, ya oughta clean ’em up yourself.”
After Acme, came PM. His pictures at- tracted publicity, perhaps primarily be- cause he was a “character.” He lives in a $17-a-month room across from Police Headquarters and conservatively keeps his money under his. mattress. His radio is tuned to police calls, and by special
rmission, his car, which he lives in
m' midnight to 7 in the morning, is equipped with a police short-wave re- — His blue ce veneer n e with secret zippered pockets, loo. ike a sack. He reek to be pinned to the rumor that he has but one suit: “Well, I hadda lotta ole close in da closet which I gave away recently.” But even one
| suit is an improvement. In 1932, Weegee | was a nudist. -
‘What I Had Seen’: He is a bachelor. He repeats a phrase furnished by his publishers: “My true love is my camera.” His bookcase contains the volumes “Live Alone and Like It” and “Sex Life of the Unmarried Adult,” appropriate reading for one who left school at 14. He writes too—captions, notes, and comments—and his prose reads well after an editor has corrected his spelling. Ralph Ingersoll of PM heard Weegee wisecracking about a story he had photographed, and asked him to write it up. “At first I was scared,” writes Weegee, “but I sat down to a typewriter and finally found words
for what I had seen and felt. That’s all ©
there was to it.”
Some of Weegee’s photographs have the oddest reasons for being. One of them is a candid shot of the Duke and Duchess of Windsor at the circus, with a cigar stuck smack-dab in the middle of the mouth of the former King of Eng- land. Weegee explains that he took this picture because the Cigar Institute of America, Inc., donates prizes to photog- raphers who snap celebrities mehr 4 cigars. He got $50. “I don’t photograp
‘ers of The New York Dail
society,” he says, “unless they have a fight and get arrested or they stand on their heads.”
‘Diffrunt From Anyting’: Weegee the Famous is currently working on another book about New York City, but “Diffrunt from anyting anybody's done before. My own interpretation of da city, no cops, no murders, no fires.”
“Tm very ‘sens'tiff and artistic,” he once said, “and hate the sight of blood, but I am spellbound by the mystery of murder.” A business acquaintance ob- serves: “If he were as sensitive about
his personal pogessince as he is about
other things he'd be quite a guy.” Annie Makes the Bar Mad
Two years ago, Orphan Annie, Harold Gray’s comic-strip moppet, met a horrid group of war-price and rationing-board members who illegally acquired unlimited amounts of rationed commodities (NEws- WEEK, Aug. 80, 1943). The Office of Price Administration protested that this incident might cause the estimated 50,- 000,000 readers of The Chicago Tribune- New York News Syndicate, Inc., strip to form a false concept of the OPA. "Last week, many of the 2,086,634 read- News missed Annie’s latest experiences because of the New York newspaper deliverers’ strike (see page 60), but the National Lawyers Guild did not. Annie was. obviously being framed in court on the charge of murder- ing Mrs. Bleating-Hart, a “good woman” of her community. The complete con- spiracy of judge, prosecuting attorney, and jury was too much for legal minds.
“This sequence strikes at the roots of American faith in the judicial system,” Robert W. Kenny, oresifent of the guild, wrote the syndicate. “. . . It is not our role to stand passively by while such a blanket condemnation is being spread through the nation’s press through the ap- parently artless vehicle of a comic strip.”
Since Orphan Annie was “seriously at- —
tacking the integrity and traditions of the American bench and bar,” the guild asked the syndicate to “change the policy” of the cartoon sequence at once. But Gray is now working on the November sequences, so a change is unlikely.
oo
Ghost’s Rights
The ghost of Count Galeazzo Ciano walked the streets of Rome last week.
The weekly Giornale di Roma _pub- lished a thinly disguised pirate edition of Ciano’s diary, the world rights of which are held by The Chicago ga | News. Il Tempo, which had bought exclusive Ital- ian rights from The News, filed suit. The editors, however, had little hope of suc- cess. Literary piracy is commonplace in the former headquarters of. Mussolini's Foreign Ministcr and son-in-law.
eThis a
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78 “TEDIGINE Better Than Whisky
In cases of acute neurosis following the Dunkerque evacuation and during the battle of Britain, British medical men kept
soldiers and civilians on the job with -
first-aid doses of sedium amytal. They found Jaeede calming of the over- wrought nervous system just as im t as immediate splinting of a badly. frac- tured leg. Nevertheless, staid Britishers protested “doping” troops and _civilian- defense workers in the combat area. Against “socially accepted sedatives,” like small amounts of alcohol, the prejudice was not so strong.
Last week in the British medical jour- nal The Lancet, a group of neuropsy- chiatrists at Maudsley Hospital, London, reported the results of a study of the comparative effects of a double whisky (20 cubic centimeters.of absolute alcohol)
.and 3 grams of sodium amytal, on a group
of 899 men. Their conclusion: “If pro- phylactic sedation is necessary in times of acute stress, small doses of sodium amytal are preferable to alcohol.”
Both the alcohol and the drug caused a slight drop in: the conventional IQ
scale—normal -average, 90.89: Alcohol,-
85.26; sodium amytal, 86.22, a re- duction insignificant, the doctors claimed,
within “any occupational group from .
tinker to apothecary or ploughboy.”
But in behavior tests, the results were more startling. Although it was difficult to detect from a patient’s behavior when
a drug had been given, the effects of .
even a small dose of alcohol were “ob- vious and deleterious.” Drink-tested pa- tients were “often euphoric, sleepy, noisy, sometimes inattentive, and full of back chat,” whereas the drug-controlled men, even after states of great excitement, could “hold on for the few hours longer that may change defeat into victory.’
al
Nerves and Polio
There were 155 new cases of infantile paralysis in the United States last week. Doctors, recalling last year’ s second worst epidemic” in the nation’s history—19,272 cases—scanned medical literature for new developments in treatment.
@ In the Journal of the American Medi- cal Association, two professional groups, one in San Francisco. and other in Milwaukee, reported on the use on polio victims of neostigmine (also called pros-
_tigmin), a synthetic.chemical which de-
creases muscular fatigue in myasthenia gravis, a serious ase of muscle weak- ness. The..San Francis¢o doctors found
that this chemical, plus hot helped to relax muscular spasms a little, or tem- porarily, in acute cases. The Milwaukee
men expressed: disappointment at finding no pronounced or even consistent relaxa-
®Worst year, 1916, with 27,363 cases.
Acme
urgeon’s Guide: Capt. Gunnar
a ing demonstrates his “localizer,”
which guides a needle to a bullet or other foreign body in the flesh. The needle, in turn, guides the incision.
tion after the use of the drug. Both agreed, however, that results were prom- ising enough to warrant further trial and study of neostigmine.
@ Dr. Mary S. Sherman of Chicago, who conducted an eighteen-month study of 70 patients who contracted polio in 1943, now asserts that ultimate recovery from this baffling ailment depends chiefly on the extent to which the central nervous system is damaged, and not ‘on the type of treatment. Of the 64 survivors, thir- teen had no detectable muscle weakness at any time, 44 had some weakness “but are not now handicapped,” six have “functionally significant weakness but re- quire no further treatment,” and seven need braces or operations. None grew worse during the eighteen -months and, as Dr. Sherman expected, major im-
‘ provement occurred in those patients
whose nervous systems were not com- pletely paralyzed.
\
_ Preventive Ounce: In Washing- ton, Dr, Charles Armstrong, Director of the Division of Infectious Diseases of the United States Public Health Service, called on parents to use. common sense in handling their children to prevent an- other infantile-paralysis epidemic.
Armstrong suggested the ese preventive measures: (1) Keep children out of crowds; (2) keep down flies, which are known to carry the virus; (3) prevent overexhaustion; see that the youngsters rest each afternoon; and (4) avoid tonsil
operations. in. hot. weather.
he wa:
-R
Bench Jockey ‘A ball game’s cacophony is an off-pitch, figh-decibel discord of cheers, cries of m, pop, and hot-dog vendors, greams, rhythmic stomping and clap- ping for a rally by impatient fans, jeers, and the chatter of players. On the whole, ers ignore the sounds. They play
ir game—that is, unless a bench jockey is riding them.
A bench jockey is a voice in uniform.
He sits in the opposition dugout and is equipped with verbal spurs. The art of getting an opponent’s goat still depends on two things: what is said, and how it is said. Since even sizzling epithets soon become clichés, the inflection method is more effective. * And since the baseball season thus far has been highlighted by the outstand- ing performances of ex-servicemen, it is not surprising to find a war veteran— Karl Scheel of the Chicago White Sox— leading the major leagues in the difficult art of bench jockeying.
Gyrene Washout: Scheel, who was discharged from the Marines because of a back injury, was a semi-pro ballplayer before his enlistment in 1943. He tried out with Los Angeles this spring, but was found wanting. He couldn’t buy himself panne M2 job as pitcher in organized base-
ball. So the 23-year-old frustrated ball-
Both player returned to his native Chicago. ‘ay and He worked out with the White Sox, ar ane and was a. bad enough pitcher to be — signed for batting practice.
adie of A well built, handsome, clean-cut lad,
, 1943, fg be was almost taciturn for awhile. As he | ’ @ continued special exercises to strengthen
y, from Bh his back for the big leagues, he picked"up = bench-jockey tactics from such howling
e type veterans as Mule Haas and Manager Jimmy Dykes. The kid was a natural. He
a voice. Page peared describes it as on ‘a igh piping voices you can’t help hearing.” Another calls it “loud and bugle-pitched.” All within hearing agree
prevent ngsters | tonsil
Rough rider: Karl Scheel in action
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80
that the sounds from Scheel’s larynx have the general effect of finger nails scratch- ing a slate blackboard.
Jibes and Jujutsu: His heckling has already cau: a riot. On June 20, he roasted the St. Louis club to a brown. He greeted Vern Stephens, Brownie slugger: “Meathead . . . Yeh, meathead No. 1.” When relief pitcher George Caster was knocked out of the box in the eighth inning, Scheel regretted: “Too bad, Geor- gie. You came in just in time to lose one. Good-by.”
Caster cast the ball at the White Sox dugout. The Brownies made for Scheel. “I threw one player with a bit of jujutsu,” the ex-Marine says, “and had another on the floor when everybody landed on me.” He suffered a groin injury and cuts on his arms and legs, for which the Browns paid a league fine of $550.
This display of violence hasn’t stopped Scheel. His torn uni- form hangs at. Comiskey Park as a souvenir of “The Battle of the Dugout.” He contin- ues to irritate every sensitive soul in the American League. Scheel’s strongest defense comes from the stands, not from others on his team. His wife, an ardent White Sox fan, argues: “After all, they razz him.” They do. Like all artists, opposing major leaguers go crazy when a non- talented observer criticizes their work, “Who,” they ask, “gave you a ticket to get into the game, busher”?
Sel
The Nelson Streak
On the links, it’s Nelson, Nel- ~ son, Nelson. Last Sunday, on the Moraine Country Club grass at Dayton, Ohio, it was Byron Nelson again, for the 1945 edi- tion of the national Professional Golfers Association champion- ship. His victory, the eighth in the last eight PGA-sponsored tourneys, set a new record for victory streaks.
As usual, the Toledo pro did it the hard way. Lord Byron plays best when he must struggle. Nursing a misery in his back, he made his way through the match play via Gene Sarazen, Mike Turnesa, Denny Shute, Claude Harmon, and Sam- my Byrd. A close squeak came with Tur- nesa (Nelson sank a putt to win on the 36th hole), and another in Sunday’s final. The champ was 2 behind Byrd at the end of 18 holes, but he pulled even at the 27th, and won his second PGA title 4 and 38.
Poe
Barnum of the Links
As president of the George S. May Co., which flatly advertises that it offers “The world’s finest business engineering,”
-George S. May nurses firms back to health and sets them on their feet. He cuts corners and'fed tape with equal ease but boasts that he is dispensable to the firm. In golf—as president of the Tam oShanter Club in Chicago and panjan- drum of the All-American golf tourna- ments—:May handles all affairs himself and generally behaves as if he were Santa Claus on a spree. Despite the difference of .approach, May spells success in both fields. :
May is the biggest name in golf today —even though his game is admittedly
“lousy,” and he’s happy to break 100. The reason: He is the Barnum of golf, the most grandiose promoter of the sport since Mary, Queen of Scots, gave golf a whirl,. May bought: Tam o’Shanter nine
Golf out loud: May (left) congratulates Furgol \
tted the
ame to its
years ago after a fire had club, and two years ago set | mortgages. !
‘It was in 1940; however, that his fertile mind gave birth to the creed, “golf for the masses.” He spent $5.30 to see the National Open, and didn’t have a good time. Next year he decided to put on a tournament of his own. “What’s the high- est res in pro golf?” he asked. He was told $10,000. So he offered $11,000, cut admission to $I plus tax, and started the All-American tournament to its reputation as the “Tam o’Shanter Circus.”.
The customers rolled in, 41,000 of them. They cluttered the course, yelled, screamed, and wage pel lion en were putting. They p indoor slot machines, listened to the golf by short- wave radio, watched a swimming show, and went: to dances each evening.
Associated Press
‘NEwsweEEK, Jury 23; 1945
Golfing purists cluck-clucked,; . but a
good time was had by all. In 1942 when the United States Golf Associa- tion canceled all national tourneys, May staged a doubleheader—an Open and an Amateur—and 62,000 spectators swarmed over the fairways. Two years ago, the Women’s Open championship was added, and the attendance went up to 67,000. Last year, the prize soared to a new high—$42,500—and so did the attendance—85,000.
- Next week (July 23-29), the fifth edi- tion of the All-American tournaments will engulf Tam o’Shanter and Chicago. Eighty thousand tickets have already been sold, and the prize money is an- other new high—$60,233.63 in War Bonds and stamps, 2% times richer than
any other tournament. On hand
will be the top golfers of the country: Byron Nelson, three- time winner of the All-American
Open; Jug McSpaden, who won
in 1948; Ed Furgol, Amateur
winner last year who has turned professional; Betty Hicks, win- ner of the 1944 Women’s Open, and a host of others eager to col- ~lect May’s jumbo-sized prizes.
Special new features: holding of
the Central Amateur Athletic
Union senior swimming and div- _ing championships in the club's
pool at the same time, and a Ladies Day, July 27, during Come which women may attend on the bi payment of Federal tax only. a Zer and | giant
_ The Profits of Boge: All of this hoopla is not only good showmanship, but good business.
’ The iden magnate uses the same psychology in what he wears. He’s addicted to shirts and suits of colors that make
astels of the rainbow. No one
as to point out George S. May; his clothes shriek at you.
May might have learned prac-
_ tical psychology from Billy Sun- day, the baseball player who hit : the sawdust trail. Born on a farm
near. Windsor, Ill., May. left cows and
chickens at 16 for four‘years of Eastern
Illinois State Normal. He burst into busi-
ness by selling Bibles to audiences who
had been left receptive by the brimstone exhortations of Sunday. After that, May held industrial jobs until he founded his firm in 1925. ee May’s circus, in ‘which golf is almost the sideshow, has been reviewed by Va- riety, a representative of which said: “We ) it as show business.” After the war, The Shirt has rosy visions of even bigger productions: 50-cent ad- missions, an International Open _tourna- ent, dnd purses of poneiee “No “4 is going to top me,” says May. “ even General Motors if they stage the tournament’ I~ hear’ they ‘are ~ consider- ing.” It could be. May insists: “We cant go backwards.”
“
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Pal Ross .
“Armed only with my trusty typewriter, I was headed over the Hump to get on-the-spot-news. Every time I looked at that 19,000-foot rockpile, I wondered, ‘Is this trip necessary?’ But when they loaded us into a Curtiss Commando, I felt better. I’ve seen Commandos carry 6 x 6 trucks, bomber engines, and hordes of Chinese troops, through weather that even grounded the birds. But here’s the pay-off. One unarmed Commando actually outdove a Zero! With the Nip on its tail, that big ship dove at 405 miles an hour and beat that fast fighter to a cloud bank below. Believe me, when a giant transport can take a high-speed dive like that... that’s news!”
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SPORT WEEK
Memories of an Orchid Man
by JOHN LARDNER
Just before the last war the fine town of Paris, France, was the world’s boxing capital for a brief, gay spell. I saw a picture in the papers the other day of four American soldiers chatting with Georges Carpentier in Carpen- tier’s Lido: Bar in present-day Paris, and it took me back to the time when this handsome though unre- liable blond Frenchman was one of the leading charac- ters of prizefight pageantry and a dashing—and only . slightly artificial—figure of romance. =
Carpentier in the picture looked older, naturally. The official almanac gives him 51 years and the facts of history give him somewhat more. But he is still tall, straight, trim, and dapper, still, with that easy, expansive, man-of-the-world
porte. which led people to think of -
, with M. Carpentier’s gentle en- couragement, as half gallant warrior and half maitre d’hétel.
My own personal memories of Carpentier do not go all the way back to the era 1913-14 when he was one of a graceful, light-fingered circle of fighters, managers, and entrepreneurs ae cooperated with and double- crossed each other with equal suavity in Paris; Paris being their base and the world’s fight capital because the heavy- weight champion, John Arthur John- son, was a fugitive from American justice and liked Parisian life. In those days practically all the important fight- ers in Paris—American, English, and French—were managed or influenced by a high-spirited little man named Dan McKetrick, and when Carpentier was not fighting one of McKetrick’s fighters for a quick touch he was out there in evening costume refereeing a McKetrick fight.
I first saw Carpentier myself at the climax of his career, on a back road on Long Island. Wearing a white shirt and a pair of gray flannel pants, he was jogging through the dust with a plump neighbor of ours, name of Jack Curley. Mr. Curley was winded, and glad of an excuse to pause.
“Meet George C teer, the next champeen,” he said. M. Carpentier shook hands gravely and courteously. He looked to me like a very tired and wistful young man.
He was training at the moment for his great fight with Dempsey; and Mr.
Curley, who had transferred the center
’ of pugilistic gravity back to America
uring the war by buying Johnson’s title for Jess Willard in Havana, was having some trouble selling Carpentier to himself, though Tex Rickard was having no trouble selling tickets. Car- pentier was overmatched, and knew it. It used to be said around the training camp in Manhasset, L.I., that if the fight were postponed one day, Carp would jump out of his skin. The Dempsey fight was ap- petizing to him financially, but terrifying otherwise.
Sometimes His training sessions were closed to the public. Other times we : watched him spar with Joe
Jeannette. Joe, a great Ne- o fighter who made his way through e by accommodating people, was one of the McKetrick circle in Paris in 1914—had, in fact, beaten Carpentier there in fifteen rounds, seven years before the Dempsey fight. He could have beaten him here again in the training ring, but instead he tried to make his old colleague look good. Joe was almost always helpful.
“It’s just once in a while he’s mean,” Jack Johnson said of him in 1914, in the act of declining to fight Jeannette for the title, “and in case he gets one of those moods, I'd rather be fighting
someone else.”
Women at the ringside whooped hysterically and then sobbed and went white as Carpentier made his one
-brave, futile pass at Dempsey on July
2, 1921, and subsided, badly beaten. The result in no way surprised us kids who had watched the Frenchman trot- ting mournfully down country roads or sparring listlessly before the fight. It startled us to learn that Carp always knocked out English heavyweight champions in one round. We got an unfavorable, and unjust, impression of English heavyweight champions and of Carpentier himself.
He could always hit with his right hand, always handle himself well. He had been fighting for fourteen years in 1921, but there were no marks on his face to show it. They would not have looked right, so he did not have them. Today he emerges from another war and four years of enemy occupation of his country, as graceful as ever, and with a reputation to match his face— no visible marks.
Ameri
Jouy 23, 1945 88
~ MOVIES Exit Alla—With Flowers
A big bag of hot buttered popcorn cost a nickel. So did a chocolate ice cream soda. So did the Saturday afternoon movies. At the movies the nickel bought Theda Bara, Nita Naldi—or Nazimova.
Alla Nazimova was $7 and her subtle intensity had made her a natural in the roles of Ibsen’s neurotic heroines when she burst on the movie consciousness of American kids who thought “Hedda Gabler” was a parrot. Those days—30 ‘years ago—were worried days for con- scientious parents, for mysterious and vampirish enticement was the theme of the silent screen. Against the competition Nazimova enticed with amazing success in long, reclining scenes soupy with the suggestion that she was suffering deep and unfathomable sorrow, in “War
Brides,” in “Salome,” and in “The Ma- .
donna of the Streets.” __
Nazimova, born in Yalta, the Crimea, before it. was a world byword, was the daughter of a prosperous. chemist. She ‘studied music in Switzerland and Odessa,
Nazjmova, on an Oriental slink
and played first violin under such con-
servatory directors as Tchaikowsky and
| Rimsky-Korsakoff.
Up With Ibsen: At 17 she revolted i of music and turned to vsky, acknowledged fa-
ther of the modern. Russian ater, | agreed. to teach. the young girl. He
_ coached her for the Moscow Art Theater, and in time she.toured Europe with vari- “us companies, Speaking only Russian,
i remembered play, “The Chosen People.”
__. The .Shuberts. offered her a contract
fe come
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Wilde and Keyes: One of the “Thousand and One Nights”
with the sole provision that she learn English within six months. She learned it well enough in five to open in “Hedda Gabler.” From then on, though she played an incredibly varied repertory, she was considered, and thought of her- self, as the official Ibsenian star.
When she returned from movies to the stage in 1928, she appeared in Eva Le Gellienne’s productions of “The Cherry Orchard,” and “Katerina,” and _ starred in Eugene O’Neill’s “Mourning Becomes Electra.” :
From 1932 on she played in summer theater, acted small parts in the films, and did a few radio plays. Married only once and divorced after fourteen years, Nazi- mova shone brightest in an era when the stars of her world were acclaimed with fe- verish adulation, and she responded: “I was intoxicated with fame. I buried my face in the flowers that came every night . .. I was half mad with the joy of suc- cess.” Last week, in Hollywood, Alla Nazi- mova died, at 66, of coronary thrombosis.
oe
Aladdin on the Bounce
Cornel Wilde, who used two ghost pianists to play Chopin in “A Song to Remember,” has two ghost singers in “A Thousand and One Nights.” Otherwise, the young actor does well enough on his own as Aladdin, the vagabond Sinatra of ancient Tigris.
Any resemblance, however, between this wandering minstrel and the charac- ter from the Arabian Nights is strictly an afterthought. Cornel’s Aladdin falls in love with the Sultan’s daughter (Adele Jergens) and can’t do much about it un- til he comes inio possession of the magic lamp. His pal, Abdullah (Phil Silvers), talks jive like a hepcat and knows more about gin rummy than a_ Hollywood
agent. And when Aladdin rubs the lamp, the genie turns out to be a slim and pert redhead (Evelyn Keyes) who calls him “Boss, dear” and acts accordingly.
At this point, with this particnlar genie at hand—ready, able, and obviously will- ing—it isn’t easy to see why Aladdin gives the inaccessible princess another thought. But that’s the way~the story gocs. The treatment, fortunately, is tongue-in-cheek ee and although it results in more bounce than wit, the over-all effect is disarming. Columbia has furnished handsome sets, Technicolor, and a harem- ful of assorted houris. —
Pe
Lend-Ledse Love
Judging from United Artists’ “Guest Wife,” Keetoosen, Ohio, is a comfortable town, and there’s no happier couple than the Prices. Chris (Richard Foran) used to run interference on his college. foot- ball team in the old days. Now ‘he’s a successful bank executive with an ador- ing wife, Mary (Claudette Colbert).
The only fly in this Ohio ointment is Chris’s. sophomoric loyalty to Joe Parker (Don Ameche). Back in college Joe was the hero who carried the ball; currently he makes the headlines as a celebrated foreign correspondent. And whenever Joe gets into trouble, which is frequently and on a global scale, he depends on Chris to keep on running interference. Although Mary has never met Joe, she is justifiably fed up with her hus ’s hero worship and sees no reason to change her mind when Joe shows up at Keetoosen on the eve of the Prices’ departure for New York and a belated honeymoon.
On the eRe had present problem looks easy. Out in the Orient he had reas- ons for cabling his publisher (Charles Dingle) that he had steadied down and
d ‘ ,
Juty 28, 1945 85 ——————————_—————————— married. By wry of adding verisimilitude to an improbable reform, he had for- warded his paternalistic boss a, picture of Chris’s wife. Now all Joe needs is the temporary loan of Mary to keep up
appearances.
Chris, all for Lend-Lease within reason, misses the train that takes his: wife and Joe to New York. After that, the compli- cations .are strictly according to Holly- wood, but considerably funnier than you might expect. Sam Wood's direction makes the most of a lively script, and the players (with a special mention for Ameche’s willingness to play the butt of the jest) catch the spirit of an engaging summer-weight farce.
oan
Before He Returned
RKO-Radio credits: the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, and the Philippine Government with assists on “Back to Bataan.” The studio hasn’t let its official collaborators down. Although the film is a regulation war picture in many ways, it is notable as an intelligent and gue jungles and hills Arthur returned.
“Back to Bataan” opens and closes with newsreel shots of American prison- ers of war released from the Cabanatuan camp cog Pg Luzon inger pa The rest of the is. the story of how an American colonel (John Wayne) and a Philippine Scout captain (Anthony Quinn) organized the untrained and _ practically unarmed patriots who accumulated wea ons by killing Japs and helped clear the way for the Americans’ capture of Leyte.
_A personal narrative, which is no help but not particularly offensive, involves Quinn with a Filipino radio star (Fely Franquelli) who broadcasts for the Japs while serving as our Army’s under-cover agent in“Manila.
as who fought the Japs from the
| sepa tribute to the Filipino . until General Mac- .
Born to be forgotten
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Blackout: The eclipse from a plane
SCIENCE
The Sun in Technicolor
It was the sun’s best show in thirteen years. Early on the morning of July 9,
‘ millions of people scanned the heavens
through dark glasses and telescopes for a glimpse of the first total eclipse visible in the United States since 1982.
‘ The moon’s crossing in front of the sun could be seen in a 25-mile path, extend- ing from Idaho through Montana and into Canada, Greenland, Norway, Swed- en, Russia, and Siberia. All the new fa- cilities of science were trained on the phenomenon. Astronomers took specially equipped airplanes into the stratosphere. For the first time, color photography was used to record an eclipse. In Britain, physicists and astronomers planned radar studies for new data on the electrical waves and resultant echoes. Canadian scientists hoped to determine the flatness of the North and South Poles. A Soviet group sought new proof to complete Einstein’s theories of the nature and di- rections of space. ~
For 24 hours, radio announcers and reporters described the sun’s corona as it flashed out around the lunar disk. Then the scientists retired to their labora- tories. It would take three or four months, they said, to interpret fully the facts camepster by their scientific gadgets in a ew quick seconds. :
os
Home-Grown Turkish
Successful culture of high-quality Turkish tobacco in the United States, once .considered impossible, was an- nounced last week simultaneously at Duke University and at agricultural ex- periment stations in North and South Carolina and Virginia.
Scientific methods demonstrated this summer at some 55 small farms in the three states may eventually cut down. the annual import of 50 to 75 million pounds of the so-called “Turkish” leaf from :Asia
me
from under 10 inches of sca water.
————————————————— Minor which is used for blending with domestic tobacco in making American cigarettes. ~ :
Planted close together (from 5 to 6 inches apart and with 20 inches between rows), stalks of Turkish tobacco produce large quantities of small leaves about one- tenth the size of domestic tobacco. One acre will grow 55,000 to 60,000 Turkish plants, compared with 5,000 to 6,000 do- mestic plants.
Harvesting the tiny Turkish leaves is a slow and laborious process. From six to nine hand “primings”—stripping the leaves as they mature, starting with the lower and working toward the top of the stalks—at intervals of five to nine days are necessary to collect all of ‘them. Strung on twine with a long, thin needle and sus- pended between sticks, the leaves are then left to wilt in a cool, humid place- for 86 to 72 hours, allowing certain chemical changes to take place. Later they are placed on racks, cured in the sun for five to fifteen days, compressed into bales, and stored for two or more years to permit development of the aroma. In this process, the handling of some million and a half leaves is required for each acre.
Yet the Duke research, after five years, shows that from 700 to 900 pounds of excellent Turkish leaves can be grown in ohe acre of comparatively r soil.
Turkish. tobacco’ brings a_ substantially ‘ higher price per pound than does do- mestic leaf, and once the operation is
under way, authorities consider an in- come of
600 an acre probable.
: Science Service Swimmie-Talkie: Through the lip- ometer, a microphone fitted with a spe- cial gland that passes air but excludes
~water, a soldier who ducks in a beach- head landing still can talk to shore
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Casey at Two Bats
Robert J. Casey, the rotund Celt from Chicago whose belly laughs have shaken press rooms from the Tenderloin to Tarawa, adds to the legend he has so sedulously cultivated over the years by becoming, this week, one of the few authors ever to have two new books pub- lished on the same day.
Casey is a reporter who was never stopped short by the approach ‘of a fact and whose pudgy fingers have pinged out countless millions of words, so it will surprise no one who knows him that he should, accomplish this feat. Bob Casey probably could, if he wanted to, write two books at once, one with each hand, but unfortunately for the Casey legend this is not what happened.
One of his books, “Battle Below,” a breathless tribute to the men of the sub- marines, was held up by Navy censorship. It was written in 1943. The ending of the submarine danger in the Atlantic led the Navy to release all long-pent-up pub-
Through Irish Eyes: Casey of Chicago tells the story of the men who center Japanese ships in their periscope cross hairs
licity on this daring branch of tlie serv- ice. In the meantime Casey’s other book, “This Is Where I Came In,” had been put together out of his dispatches from various fighting fronts. The sudden de- cision of the Navy made release of the books simultaneous. The book-store bat- tle of iral Casey versus General Casey will amusing to watch.
All This and’9¥hjmsy, Too: Both books are bound to h ide sales, for Casey has a large following/built up dur- ing a hectic career that began before the last war. He has written some twenty books in the last twenty years—includ- ing a diary of the first world war called “The Cannoneers Have Hairy Ears,” a book of poetry, several mysteries, travel books, a novel or two, his justly popular potpourri of newspaper yarns, “Such In-
BOOKS
teresting People,” and his almost-great war book, “Torpedo Junction.”
Casey writes a slam-bang newspaper prose that will never get him listed in the college textbooks as a stylist. He learned it in city rooms in Des Moines
and Houston and perfected it on the re-
write desk of The Chicago Evening American. Since 1920 he has served it hot and cold from every corner of the world to the readers of The Chicago Daily Néws, who are“almost as fond of Bob Casey as he is of himself. As a re- porter and rewrite man, he always has practiced what he preaches: “The value of laziness is a reporter’s asset if he knows how to get away with it.” He never takes notes, rarely barges into crowds to ferret out an elusive detail. “When you've got two details for a story, why look for a third?” Casey asks.
The Casey style is a mixture of senti- mentalism, authentically tough humor, recognizable slang, plenty of adjectives
‘and adverbs, and always a touch of
whimsy. Casey uses it to report a world
which he knows better than anyone else. He should. He invented it. When he writes of Chicago it is Casey’s Chicago, a city seen through his own Irish com- bination of stained glass and iron bars. When he writes of the war, it’s Casey’s war—not Ernie Pyle’s, or Bill Mauldin’s, just as his Chicago was never quite that of Ben Hecht.
Both of Casey’s new books are good examples of Caseyesc, which means they range with lightning ease from the flam- boyant to the sentimental, from the mawkish to pretty nearly great reporting.
Savs Admiral Casey: “Battle Below” is by far the better of the two books, per- haps because its subject is the fresher. Casey went after the story of the war of the submarines in the spring of 1943. Having been with the British Fleet in the
NewsweEEK, JuLy 28, 1945
Mediterranean he was familiar with the German U-boat menace. He started out to learn the American Navy’s part in the ruthless warfare in Washington. Then he spent six weeks living with the subma. riners at New London, two weeks at Mare Island, and one at Portsmouth, N. H. He went down in old O-boats and in the latest models which, at his expert hands, make the inventions of the comic. strip artists pretty pale imaginings. Casey went out on patrol, and the legend is that his notorious belly laugh which inevitably follows his telling of his own tall tales scared away all enemy shipping. He spent four months—and couldn’t print a line. That’s why his book is now so welcome, for if it is old it tells some grand tales for the first time. Casey says he found the story of the subma- riners—as he learned it from the men who had been under the Java Sea, the Straits of Macassar, at Midway, Tokyo Bay, Buna, Guadalacanal, Dutch Har- bor, and in the cold Atlantic—“fantastic . incredible . . . and a little wacky.” As Casey tells the story it is all he says it was. And since the fantastic and wacky
U. 8. Navy Photo
is what Casey always seeks on his breath- less quest for copy, “Battle Below” is fas- cinating reading. And Casey’s insistence that there is no more agile a dodger of a fact in all reportorial history than he, is just a Casey boast. NEWSWEEK’s reviewer, having had considerable peacetime ex- perience with the men of the submarines, can testify in this instance to Casey's soundness as a reporter.
Says General Casey: “This Is Where I Came In” is in a much more familiar pattern. Most of this book is-made up of cabled dispatches to his newspaper. It has the Casey quality and takes the read- er easily along with the reporter as he covered the European theater. It starts out with his account of the Mediterranean Fleet, goes through the tense pre-D Day hours in England, D Day itself, and then
1. “Flying’s been my business...forthelast8 years. _ So I should know how flying can give pleasure —and help in business, too. After the war I’m
ing to sell Cessnas again because that’s the The one that will be Cessna-Engineered for Safety.”
and why they will
— CHOOSE CESSNA/
Making it hot for Hirohito. This is one of Cessna’s heat-treating opera- tions, now working on parts for the fa- mous Boeing B-29’s, the great Tokyo- bound Superfortresses. Cessna, as part of its war job, is producing a score of important units for the Superfort, includ-
ing rudders, dorsal fins, fins, elevators ~
and wing leading edges as well as the mammoth landing gears and engine cowl- ings for the famous Douglas A-26Invader.
Postwar, this modern equipment and the priceless experience gained in high precision wartime work will be devoted to producing your new Cessna—an air- plane of all-metal structure. And Cessna’s
electric-controlled heat-treatment will, for example, double the original strength
of the aluminum going into your Family
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That's an important reason why you'll choose Cessna, isn’t it? It gives added meaning to“ Cessna-Engineered for Safe- ty,” which will apply to the complete line of Cessnas.
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2. “Farmers tied to
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THREE TIMES JUDOED “THE WORLDS MOST EFFICIENT AIRPLANE”
=
NEWSWEEK, Jury 23, 1945
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————— ee,
Associated Press
Sinatra points the finger at the USO’s “shoemakers in uniform”
along the hard road through Normandy to the Siegfried Line. If it seems some- what more synthetic than “Battle Below,” it is nevertheless colorful, exciting, and whimsical—the old, familiar Bob Casey going back over a route he had once fol- lowed in retreat.
It begins on a hill outside Longwy and it ends there. From that spot he had watched the,Germans roll into France in 1940. Four years later, watching the Al- lies going the other way, Casey said:
“I think I’ll-go home. This is where I came in.”
And so Bob Casey is now back at Chi- cago, sitting at a desk, chuckling and rumbling over having two books pub- lished in one day and betting with him- self who'll win—the Admiral or the Gen- eral. The odds appear to be on the Ad- miral, but you never can tell about the luck of the Irish. Which they both are. (BATTLE BELOW: THE WAR OF THE SuBMARINEs. By Robert J. Casey. 380 pages. $3.50. Tuts Is WHERE I CaME In. By Robert J. Casey. 307 pages. Bobbs-Merrill. $3.)
ron
When Knighthood Wilted
Zofia Kossak, who wrote last year’s best-seller, “Blessed Are the Meek,” writes again of the Crusaders in her new historical novel, “The Leper King.” But this time she sets her story in Jerusalem, during the last years of the Christian kingdom. It was a period of internal strife, lost faith, and growing material- ism. The flower of knighthood was be- ginning to- wilt.
King Baldwin IV, dying of leprosy at 17, tries to choose a worthy successor to the throne. But his widowed sister mar- ries a not too bright, handsome young knight and crowns him king. Mrs. Kos- sak’s characterizations are a bit thin, but her pageantry is colorful and convincing. ‘Tue Leper Kine. By Zofia Kogsak. 252 pages. Roy Publishers. $2.50.)
MUSIC
La Voce and the USO
Now it’s “La Voce.” At least that’s what his Italian female fans named Frank
Sinatra during his first USO overseas tour. .
Even the GI’s in Rome were sold on Frankie when he spoofed himself (wear- ing a flowing Fauntleroy tie and a Joe College turned-up hat) and had the girls of his troupe put on a mock swoon session while he sang in the packed Forum Mussolini.
But last week, just after his return, The Voice blasted’ USO and Army Special Services for their handling of troop enter- tainment abroad. Charging that “shoe- makers in uniform” ran the Army’s enter- tainment division, Frankie said that in his entire tour of the Mediterranean and North African theaters he hadn’t met one Special Services officer who was in-show business before the war. One Army cap- tain in Rome, a former NBC page boy, even tried to show the maestro how to use a mike. Many of the USO shows are insulting to the GI’s intelligence, Sinatra added, and soldiers just walk out.
The GI daily, Stars and Stripes, leaped to the defense: “It’s possible that Frankie was distraught and tired when he made the statement. He had just finished seven grueling weeks during which he sang several times a day, and in addition he had granted an audience to the Pope [NewsweEEk, July 2] and wised up His Holiness on the crooning racket, and that taxes one.” ‘i
Defenders of the USO pointed out that Sinatra had been overseas only seven weeks—one of the shortest tours ever made by a big-name performer. They wondered why he hadn’t been abroad be- fore. Officially, USO was. noncommittal, merely saying that Sinatra had “done a fine job for us.” —
To all this, Frankie replied plaintively
in his defense: “I talked to thousands of guys over there . to beef about the shows.”
eee
Jack in the Juke Box
The mad rush to make money in the recording business is getting worse. Since Victor and Columbia settled with James C. Petrillo last November, record com- panies large and small have been strain. ing hard—and cursing wartime limitations —to fill the demand for records and mz e records. The three big companies (Vic- tor, Columbia, and Decca) now have stiffer competition from hordes of the lit- tle fellows (NEWSWEEK, June 26, 1944). All of them want the same thing: a gen- erous slice of the postwar market, when the demand is expected to soar to 600,- 000,000 records annually.
This postwar figure is double what the public wanted in 1944—which the in- dustry couldn’t begin to fill with the 100,000,000 or so platters it pressed. This year, production will jump (Victor alone expects its output to rise by some 15,- $00,000) but lack of new machinery and the manpower shortage continue to ham- string impatient manufacturers.
In a recent survey by the trade maga- zine Billboard, bobby-sox fans were able to identify 65 different company labels of current disks. How many of these com- panies will survive on dealers’ shelves is anybody’s guess, but by last week, de- velopments pointed to several who will be sopping up plenty of the platter gravy after V-J Day.
The Movies Jump In: The Big Three, of course, still top the field® and prob- ably will for some time. But the three- year-old Capitol company is slowly edg- ing up into the big time, with hush-hush production figures for the year placed at 24,000,000—way above all the little manufacturers. The company is owned by the songsmith Johnny Mercer and B. G. de Sylva and has recently added Margaret O’Brien (to do children’s stories) and the radio team of Fibber McGee and Molly to such regular sing- ing artists as Jo Stafford and Mercer himself. Much of the company’s financing comes from de Sylva, a producer for Paramount pictures.
Capitol is only one of the companies in which Hollywood money is tied up. Pro- ducer Boris Morros put his hoard into his new ARA (American Recording Artists) firm, which stars Hoagy Carmichael (NEwswWEEK, June 4). Big picture com- panies, who already control a number 0 music-publishing houses in Tin Pan Al- ley, are jumping on this new bandwagon. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, for example, has formed a record company tentatively titled Lion. Trade experts point out that M-G-M picture artists will be invited to
®Estimated 1945 output: Victor, 60,000,000; a, 965,000,000- pulling ahead of Columbia’s
. . They asked me |
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Sad Color Hearing... New Style...New Value
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A Bell Telephone Laboratories Achievement
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92 : NEWSWEEK
become exclusive M-G-M recording © artists—to the loss of thg disk companies with which they now are signed.
Until last week, Warner Bros. was set in records, with 25 per cent of Decca’s stock. But Decca, ever the independent, didn’t want to be hampered in choice of releases, and bought its freedoin from Warners for more than $4,000,000. War- ners will probably go shopping again.
Jimmy Swallows One: Nor will the phonograph, radio, and television groups be left out. Radio Corp. of America owns Victor. Philco is looking for a record firm to invest in. And Majestic. Radio and Television Corp. has already bought one of the biggest small fry, Hit—along with the contracts of such current favorites as Louis Prima and his band. Reorganized some four months ago, Majestic Records is now headed by Jimmy Walker, New York’s former mayor.
The genial Jimmy has big plans. When Majestic took over, Hit was pressing
_ about 2,600,000 revords yearly. The Ma-
jestic label now has three plants which Walker hopes to have in operation “as soon as it’s humanly possible.”
Most touted of the new independents is Cosmopolitan, which issued its first re- leases this week. Headed by Harry W. Bank, former tax consultant for the amusement industry, Cosmopolitan has snared Joan Edwards, Gertrude Niesen, and the bandleader. Coleman Hawkins in the popular field, and Oscar Straus, Vien- nese composer, to bolster the forthcoming classical wing.
Cosmopolitan is currently issuing about 100,000 records a week, and is shooting for 40,000,000 a year. Their plant is at the former Frank Buck Jungle Camp in Massapequa, L.I., where records and machinery are made in what used to be the lion and elephant houses. Abandoned circus wagons still stand around adver- tising “Sammy the Great Ape”—probably the only two-handed creature. who hasn't been urged to take a job.
Ives, the newest young Aldrich
RADIO Henry the Fourth
Seven years ago the scrabbly voice of Henry Aldrich first jarred against the
ears of radio listeners. In a guest spot on .
the Rudy Vallee program, Ezra: Stone, who created the character of Henry in a Broadway play, did the two-octave vocal acrobatics that have since become part and parcel of the Aldrich Feir.
In nothing flat The Aldrich Family (CBS, Friday, 8-8:30 p.m., EWT) blos- somed into a full-time program and has since weathered a number of imitators and a series of sponsors. However, the program has been haunted by one re- current bugaboo: Uncle Sam.
Ezra Stone was drafted in 1941, and the dragnet was put out for a young man with a Henry voice and a perfect gravel tone to his “Coming, mother.” Norman Tokar was found, but soon lost—to the Army. Dick Jones, who anticked through Henry's part until last month, is now a paratrooper.
Last week, after three months of audi- tioning boys from coast to coast, a new Henry Aldrich—the foufth—was signed. He is Raymond Ives from Brooklyn. The son of an Ellis Island ferryboat pilot, young Ives was 17 on July 16 and pro- gram executives are breathing easier, for at least another year.
Baseball's Golden Voices -
Back in the’’20s, Ring Lardner sat next to Graham McNamee and heard him de- scribe a World Series game for a handful of crystal-set listeners. Afterward, Lard-
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ner was asked how he liked the game. He grinned: “I lixea ‘em both.”
Although both Lardner and McNamee have died, baseball broadcasting has turned into a big-business profession. Al] big-league games, except Cleveland, and many in the minor leagues are now coy. ered by local stations. The World Series is an annual commercial radio affair car. ried coast-to-coast.
But in its essence, baseball broadcast. ing hasn’t changed. Ring Lardner could
ill enjoy both games. For the broad. casters invariably become a part of the team whose games they cover—and a good one is as important to the fans as a no-hit pitcher—and usually puts on as good a show. Two of the most typical are Red Barber and Arch McDonald.
Brooklyn Corn: Winner of uncounted broadcasting and sportsmanship awards, Walter Lanier (the ‘ole Redhead) Bar- ber is probably the nation’s best baseball broadcaster. Unlike many of this col- leagues, the Brooklyn Dodgers’ official mouthpiece has never played professional baseball. He intended to be an English teacher. Today, Barber is a speech per- fectionist, talking in soft, Mississippi ac- cents spiked with Barber idioms. A Barber
glossary—with translations:
Sitting in the catbird seat: Everything is going your way
I'll be a suck-egg mule: Red is pretty concerned
A can ’a corn: An easy-to-catch fly ball F.O.B.: The bases are full of Brooklyns The bottom of the pickle vat: The Bums are in bad trouble
The Brooklyns eat it up. So do mil- lions of fans who have heard Barber broadcast nine World Series—most fre- quently partnered with Bob Elson, Chi- cago’s ace sportscaster, now in the Navy. As is the almost universal rule, Barber never broadcasts alone, but spells off with
Barber, the suck-egg mule
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an assistant—cufrently Connie Desmond. It is one of Barber’s superstitions that the assistant always take the seeond and sixth innings. That way, Barber thinks there is no danger of a jinx.
When Brooklyn is playing out of town, Barber broadcasts the game from WHN studios in New York, picking up the plays as they come in on a Western Union wire. Barber sits down for homg games, but to keep out-of-town, descriptions vivid, he stays on his feet in the studio. “You can’t get sleepy that way,” he explains.
Washington Ham: Arch McDonald is the heavy, outspoken, 44-year-old broadcaster for the Washington Senators and a leading ham in Washington’s ama- tur theater. His most celebrated effort was the title role in “The- Old Soak,” which caused Clark Griffith, owner of the Senators, to remark: “It’s the first time I’ve ever seen anyone train 40 years for a role. He ought to be good.”
On the air, McDonald’s' deep, dry wice lacks all the qualities of good radio. But his homespun personality reflects the mood of the most rabid fan in the $1.10 seat. It won him an accolade from ex- Vice President John .Garner as_ the “World’s Greatest Baseball Announcer,” a statement with which neither Wash- ington nor McDonald Pe vari would disagree. McDonald (like Barber he is
msored by Old Gold cigarettes) can
ost repeat baseball statistics by rote. Long ago, he had to list his phone number privately to cut off the professionals, writers, and pool-room habitués who plagued him for obscure facts. One sta- tistic, however, still makes’ Arch’ shud-
der: his own record for continual micro- °
phone performance. Broadcasting a doubleheader from Boston as it came in on the wire, Arch sat at his Washing-
ton microphone alone and talked base-.
ball for seven hours — nonstop — includ- ing the between-game intermission.
McDonald, the expert Old Soak.
Hor Woonwld You bark.
TO HAVE 15,000
LABOR SAVING DEVICES?
Perhaps. Los Angeles may never make quite that many, but Los Angeles manufacturers are going to try! Indeed, they have listed hundreds and hundreds of war-inspired inventions they plan to manufacture and sell when peace comes.
Already household and consumer items are being
made and sold by some Southern California war-
created plants. One of them now offers more than
1700. jobs in the manufacture of consumer items.
. . » jobs that were non-existent before the war!
We think you will be interested in the postwar plans of our ew industries. For they are plans that assure more jobs, bigger peacetime pay rolls than Los Angeles ever had before, that will aug- ment our already established and prosperous econ- omy. We'd like to give you this story, told in our booklet, ‘An Eye to the Future.” It takes but a penny for our thoughts—just drop a postcard to THE TIMES or to our representatives.
“Everybody's Newspaper” in Southern California
DOMINANT NEWSPAPER OF AMERICA’S THIRD LARGEST
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Ah .
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NeEwsweEK, JULY 23, 1945
Perspective
Registered . S. Patent Office
Poland and the Big Three
by RAYMOND MOLEY
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Ic, as seems inevitable, the Pots- dam coference reaffirms previous agreements, a new Polish nation will emerge from this war with a better chance of survival than any of the ear- lier Polands. Its resources and possi- bilities are likely to quiet much of the storm and controversy which have at- tended its deliverance.
It seems certain that the new Po-
land, bounded by the Cur- zon Line on the east, will cut through East Prussia to a point southwest of Kénigs- berg on the Baltic and pro- vide a seacoast stretching about 200 miles west to the mouth of the Oder. The western frontier will have to be determined by the Big Three, but it will probably include the agricultural ter- ritory east of the Oder in the north and the rich region of Upper Silesia, which includes coal and_- iron mines and large industrial properties, among which are vast electrical plants and a part of Germany's biggest ce- ment works. The total area of Poland will be between 110,000 and 120,000 square miles. The area of prewar Po- land was about 150,000 square miles. The new population will be between 25 and 30 millions, compared with a prewar 85 million. It will be more pre- dominantly Polish than before. The new Poland will have not only Danzig and Gdynia, but two or three other good ports. The whole course of the Vistula will be Polish down from Czechoslovakia to the sea. The old net- work of canals developed by Frederick the Great and his successors will be Polish. As an economic unit, the new Poland will be richer and more man- ageable than the prewar nation. ' If Poland is to enjoy the full benefit of these territorial acquisitions, it will be necessary to move, bag and bag- gage, three or four million Germans— mostly fanatical Nazis—into what re- mains of Germany.
This bold and unprecedented carving out of new frontiers, with a wholesale moving of population, will be difficult. But its doing is the essen- tial price to be paid for security. It is better to face it and do it than to en- dure the threat of another war.
There will be lamentations over this operation in Germany for generations.
And there will be plenty of propa- ganda in England, the United States and Russia to the effect that in the dis- memberment of Germany is the sure seed of another war. But the United Nations have no choice. Either these boundaries must be made and made now or the whole tragedy of the past will happen, over again:
The new Poland will for some time have the discomfort of liv- ing between a beaten but resentful Germany and a co- lossal but distrusted Russia. That is the sentence, how- ever, of a court of final juris- diction — .geography. The outcome will be determined by the degree to which the new United Nations char- ter can operate in a practical situation, by the forbear- ance of Russia and by the quality of government which Poland can develop over the years.
Certainly, the politics of prewar Po- land wills have to be improved upon. For centuries democracy has made lit- tle progress in Poland. The democracy which followed 1919 ended in the Pil-
- sudski authoritarianism and the rule of
the “clique of colonels.” Minorities were subjected to severe restrictions, - and, finally, in 1935, Beck and Smigly- Rydz headed a thoroughly illiberal na- tion. If the United Nations is to be any- thing but a name, any repetition of this might be prevented—by outside force, if necessary.
The present -ayevaieerse of the London Poles, the. remains of the reactionary government of 1989, is due to the emotional shock of recent events, But the maintenance of such a
. shadow regime, which seeks to use its
haven of refuge to suggest resistance to the new government, cannot be tolerated. There is a sinister tone in the recent proclamation of a Polish
neral to the Polish armies abroad
at they will “return to Poland, but only with arms in hand.” The Big Three should determine who will re- turn where and who will bear arms and what arms will be used for.
The new Poland will have every available means to build a p: rous and peaceful nation, except, the moment, unity.. That will come with time, assisted by the firmness and pa- tience of the three great powers. -
“T asked for it!” writes a Connecticut friend of Canadian Club Whisky about an asado—or barbecue—at a cattle estancia near Buenos Aires. “I winced upon seeing a steer lassoed with the three-pronged gaucho boleadores ...where- upon my hosts demonstrated, with me as the target, that prop- erly-thrown boleadores grip no worse than a strong handclasp.
“Today it’s a land of mechanized “The feast came none too soon. And what a ranches and wheat fields, and an in- feast !—in a way, almost an historical occasion. dustrial giant. Nearby, too— for tomorrow For, I was told, the gaucho is a vanishing type. the Pan American Clippers will fly you Today’s Argentina moves on wheels—and wings. here from home ports in just a day,
2 “But that was a cinch compared to 4 my first fling at la sortija, popular 3
asado game. They suspend a small ring
from a thread. You’re supposed, at a full
gallop, to spear the ring with a dagger.
5 “But don’t expect all your thrills here to be Argentine- made. For, whether in Buenos Aires or out on the pampas,
you'll find hosts offering you Canadian Club just as proudly
as it’s served at home!”
Once the war is over, you will find it even easier than
now to visit Latin America. There you will find Canadian Club
again. This whisky is light as Scotch, rich as rye, satisfying
as bourbon—yet there is no other whisky in all the world that
tastes like Canadian Club. You can stay with Canadian Club
all evening long—in cocktails before dinner and tall ones after.
That’s why Canadian Club is the largest-selling imported
whisky in the United States.
IN 87 LANDS NO OTHER WHISKY TASTES LIKE
Imported from Walkerville, Canada, by Hiram Walker & Sons Inc., Peoria, Ill. Blended Canadian Whisky. 90.4 proof
Copyright 1945, Liccert & Mytrxs Tosacco Go.
4. COOLER SMOKING ae
That means you ‘offer Chesterfields with every . confidence .. . for when it comes to Y ki good cigarette, there are no short cuts . second-bests. Gu :
: the ane yee